The State of Health Estimation of Retired Lithium-Ion Batteries Using a Multi-Input Metabolic Gated Recurrent Unit

Yu He (), Norasage Pattanadech (), Kasiean Sukemoke, Minling Pan and Lin Chen
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Yu He: School of Engineering, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang (KMITL), Bangkok 10520, Thailand
Norasage Pattanadech: School of Engineering, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang (KMITL), Bangkok 10520, Thailand
Kasiean Sukemoke: PEC Technology (Thailand) Co., Ltd., Bangkok 10230, Thailand
Minling Pan: School of Machanical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
Lin Chen: School of Machanical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 5, 1-21

Abstract: With the increasing adoption of lithium-ion batteries in energy storage systems, accurately monitoring the State of Health (SoH) of retired batteries has become a pivotal technology for ensuring their safe utilization and maximizing their economic value. In response to this need, this paper presents a highly efficient estimation model based on the multi-input metabolic gated recurrent unit (MM-GRU). The model leverages constant-current charging time, charging current area, and the 1800 s voltage drop as input features and dynamically updates these features through a metabolic mechanism. It requires only four cycles of historical data to reliably predict the SoH of subsequent cycles. Experimental validation conducted on retired Samsung and Panasonic battery cells and packs under constant-current and dynamic operating conditions demonstrates that the MM-GRU model effectively tracks SoH degradation trajectories, achieving a root mean square error of less than 1.2% and a mean absolute error of less than 1%. Compared to traditional machine learning algorithms such as SVM, BPNN, and GRU, the MM-GRU model delivers superior estimation accuracy and generalization performance. The findings suggest that the MM-GRU model not only significantly enhances the breadth and precision of SoH monitoring for retired batteries but also offers robust technical support for their safe deployment and asset optimization in energy storage systems.

Keywords: SoH estimation; retired lithium-ion batteries; gated recurrent unit (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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