Emission Characteristics of Hydrogen-Enriched Gasoline Under Dynamic Driving Conditions

Alfredas Rimkus (), Edward Kozłowski, Tadas Vipartas, Saugirdas Pukalskas, Piotr Wiśniowski and Jonas Matijošius
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Alfredas Rimkus: Department of Automobile Engineering, Faculty of Transport Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University-VILNIUS TECH, Plytinės Str. 25, LT-10105 Vilnius, Lithuania
Edward Kozłowski: Faculty of Management, Lublin University of Technology, 38D Nadbystrzycka Str., 20-618 Lublin, Poland
Tadas Vipartas: Department of Automobile Engineering, Faculty of Transport Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University-VILNIUS TECH, Plytinės Str. 25, LT-10105 Vilnius, Lithuania
Saugirdas Pukalskas: Department of Automobile Engineering, Faculty of Transport Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University-VILNIUS TECH, Plytinės Str. 25, LT-10105 Vilnius, Lithuania
Piotr Wiśniowski: Environment Protection Centre, Motor Transport Institute, 80 Jagiellońska Str., 03-301 Warsaw, Poland
Jonas Matijošius: Mechanical Science Institute, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University-VILNIUS TECH, 25 Plytinės Str., LT-10105 Vilnius, Lithuania

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 5, 1-22

Abstract: This paper investigates the emission characteristics of hydrogen-enriched gasoline (95G5H 2 ) under dynamic driving situations in order to fulfill the growing need for cleaner and more efficient automobile fuels. This study aimed to investigate the impact of hydrogen addition on pollutant-specific emissions, including CO, CO 2 , HC, and NO x , using a Nissan Qashqai that ran on both pure gasoline (100G) and 95G5H 2 . Emission statistics were obtained by computer simulations of the Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC) applied using AVL CRUISE software. The paper presents a method of comparing the characteristics of pollutants emitted by the combustion engine and comparing the pollutants emitted when powered by regular fuel and fuel with hydrogen. The tests were performed in real conditions, and the presented method shows the amount of pollutants emitted when the vehicle is directly in motion, which allows for effective comparison of the amount of pollutants emitted for different fuels. 95G5H 2 sharply reduces CO-, CO 2 -, and HC-specific emissions by 22.19%, 14.55%, and 35.46%, respectively, when compared to 100G. However, NO x -specific emissions increased by 20.17%, suggesting a compromise between higher combustion efficiency and higher burning temperatures. The study shows that 95G5H 2 fuel performs better in urban driving cycles, including plenty of acceleration and deceleration, which usually results in incomplete combustion. Although additional refinement is needed to cut NO x -specific emissions, the results demonstrate that hydrogen-enriched fuels have considerable potential to lower vehicle-specific emissions. The significant conclusions of the study on the advantages of hydrogen-enriched fuels, both practically and environmentally, will help in the future development of environmentally friendly transportation solutions.

Keywords: emission reduction; dynamic driving conditions; pollution characteristics; hydrogen-enriched gasoline; WLTC-specific emissions analysis (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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