Techno-Economic Feasibility and Optimal Design Approach of Grid-Connected Hybrid Power Generation Systems for Electric Vehicle Battery Swapping Station

Lumbumba Taty-Etienne Nyamayoka (), Lesedi Masisi, David Dorrell and Shuo Wang
Additional contact information
Lumbumba Taty-Etienne Nyamayoka: School of Electrical and Information Engineering (EIE), Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment (FEBE), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
Lesedi Masisi: School of Electrical and Information Engineering (EIE), Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment (FEBE), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
David Dorrell: School of Electrical and Information Engineering (EIE), Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment (FEBE), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
Shuo Wang: National Engineering Research Center of Electric Vehicles, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 5, 1-30

Abstract: Fossil fuel depletion, environmental concerns, and energy efficiency initiatives drive the rapid growth in the use of electric vehicles. However, lengthy battery charging times significantly hinder their widespread use. One proposed solution is implementing battery swapping stations, where depleted electric vehicle batteries are quickly exchanged for fully charged ones in a short time. This paper evaluates the techno-economic feasibility and optimal design of a grid-connected hybrid wind–photovoltaic power system for electric vehicle battery swapping stations. The aim is to evaluate the viability of this hybrid power supply system as an alternative energy source, focusing on its cost-effectiveness. An optimal control model is developed to minimize the total life cycle cost of the proposed system while reducing the reliance on the utility grid and maximizing system reliability, measured by loss of power supply probability. This model is solved using mixed-integer linear programming to determine key decision variables such as the power drawn from the utility grid and the number of wind turbines and solar photovoltaic panels. A case study validates the effectiveness of this approach. The simulation results indicate that the optimal configuration comprises 64 wind turbines and 402 solar panels, with a total life cycle cost of ZAR 1,963,520.12. These results lead to an estimated energy cost savings of 41.58%. A life cycle cost analysis, incorporating initial investment, maintenance, and operational expenses, estimates a payback period of 5 years and 6 months. These findings confirm that the proposed hybrid power supply system is technically and economically viable for electric vehicle battery swapping stations.

Keywords: electric vehicle battery swapping station; grid-connected hybrid renewable power supply systems; multi-objective optimization; mixed-integer linear programming; life cycle cost analysis (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations:

Downloads: (external link)
https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/5/1208/pdf (application/pdf)
https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/5/1208/ (text/html)

Related works:
This item may be available elsewhere in EconPapers: Search for items with the same title.

Export reference: BibTeX RIS (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan) HTML/Text

Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:5:p:1208-:d:1603308

Access Statistics for this article

Energies is currently edited by Ms. Agatha Cao

More articles in Energies from MDPI
Bibliographic data for series maintained by MDPI Indexing Manager ().