Electrochemical Analysis of Carbon-Based Supercapacitors Using Finite Element Modeling and Impedance Spectroscopy

Ahmad Azizpour, Niko Bagovic, Nikolaos Ploumis, Konstantinos Mylonas, Dorela Hoxha, Ferry Kienberger, Nawfal Al-Zubaidi-R-Smith () and Georg Gramse ()
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Ahmad Azizpour: Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Gruberstrasse 40, 4020 Linz, Austria
Niko Bagovic: Keysight Technologies GmbH, Keysight Laboratories Austria, Gruberstrasse 40, 4020 Linz, Austria
Nikolaos Ploumis: Pleione Energy S.A., Patriarchou Grigoriou & Neapoleos Str., 15310 Athens, Greece
Konstantinos Mylonas: Pleione Energy S.A., Patriarchou Grigoriou & Neapoleos Str., 15310 Athens, Greece
Dorela Hoxha: Pleione Energy S.A., Patriarchou Grigoriou & Neapoleos Str., 15310 Athens, Greece
Ferry Kienberger: Keysight Technologies GmbH, Keysight Laboratories Austria, Gruberstrasse 40, 4020 Linz, Austria
Nawfal Al-Zubaidi-R-Smith: Keysight Technologies GmbH, Keysight Laboratories Austria, Gruberstrasse 40, 4020 Linz, Austria
Georg Gramse: Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Gruberstrasse 40, 4020 Linz, Austria

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 6, 1-20

Abstract: The electrochemical performance of carbon-based supercapacitors containing ionic liquid electrolytes was investigated through calibrated impedance spectroscopy and finite element modeling (FEM). To ensure precisely calibrated complex impedance measurements over a wide frequency range the measured pouch cells were mounted in a pressure fixture with stable terminal contacts, and a two-term impedance calibration workflow was applied. For the physical interpretation of the measurement results, FEM was used. Experimental findings demonstrated a clear dependency of the capacitive behavior on the electrode material, where cells with activated carbon electrodes showed lower impedance compared to cells with graphene electrodes. For FEM, we used a volume-averaged approach to study the effect of the electrode structure on the EIS response of the cells. The simulated impedance results showed a good agreement with experimental data in the middle- to high-frequency regions, ranging from 10 Hz to 10 kHz. Deviations from the ideal Warburg impedance were observed at lower frequencies, suggesting nonlinearity effects of the porous structure on ion transport mechanisms. FEM analysis was performed for both graphene and activated carbon electrodes showing a steeper transition region for activated carbon electrodes, indicating a reduced diffusion resistance for electrolyte ions.

Keywords: supercapacitors; carbon electrodes; graphene; finite element modeling; electrochemical impedance spectroscopy; structural effects; calibration (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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