Quantitative Difference Between the Effective Inertia and Set Inertia Parameter of Virtual Synchronous Generators

Ryosuke Shikuma (), Dai Orihara, Hiroshi Kikusato, Akihisa Kaneko, Hisao Taoka and Yasuhiro Hayashi
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Ryosuke Shikuma: Department of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1-63-6A Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
Dai Orihara: Renewable Energy Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 2-2-9 Machiikedai, Koriyama 963-0298, Japan
Hiroshi Kikusato: Renewable Energy Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 2-2-9 Machiikedai, Koriyama 963-0298, Japan
Akihisa Kaneko: Advanced Collaborative Research Organization for Smart Society (ACROSS), Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
Hisao Taoka: Renewable Energy Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 2-2-9 Machiikedai, Koriyama 963-0298, Japan
Yasuhiro Hayashi: Department of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1-63-6A Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 7, 1-23

Abstract: Virtual synchronous generators (VSGs) have been developed to mitigate the increase in the rate of change of frequency (ROCOF) in power systems by replacing synchronous generators (SGs) with inverter-based resources. VSGs mimic the dynamics and control of SGs; however, the mechanical delay typical of an SG’s turbine is often excluded, limiting improvements to the VSG’s response. The fast frequency response (FFR) of VSGs can help reduce ROCOF and enhance emulated inertia. This implies that the effective inertia (EI) of VSGs can exceed the set inertia parameter, posing challenges for operators in allocating sufficient VSG capacity considering the inertia required for stable operation. In this study, we quantitatively analyzed the difference between the EI of a VSG and the set inertia parameter by separating the active power output into inertia and governor responses. The quantitative analysis revealed that when the VSG provides FFR within the inertia-time domain, the EI exceeds the set inertia parameter. Furthermore, the sensitivities of the VSG set parameters and VSG capacity ratio, which is related to synchronizing power coefficients and the initial sharing ratio, for the EI were analyzed. These factors were theoretically considered, and the simulations validated their characteristics.

Keywords: inertia; virtual synchronous generator; frequency stability; rate of change of frequency (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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