Estimating Snow Coverage Percentage on Solar Panels Using Drone Imagery and Machine Learning for Enhanced Energy Efficiency

Ashraf Saleem (), Ali Awad, Amna Mazen, Zoe Mazurkiewicz and Ana Dyreson
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Ashraf Saleem: Department of Applied Computing, College of Computing, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
Ali Awad: Department of Applied Computing, College of Computing, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
Amna Mazen: Department of Applied Computing, College of Computing, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
Zoe Mazurkiewicz: Department of Mathematical Sciences, College of Sciences and Arts, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
Ana Dyreson: Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, College of Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 7, 1-15

Abstract: Snow accumulation on solar panels presents a significant challenge to energy generation in snowy regions, reducing the efficiency of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems and impacting economic viability. While prior studies have explored snow detection using fixed-camera setups, these methods suffer from scalability limitations, stationary viewpoints, and the need for reference images. This study introduces an automated deep-learning framework that leverages drone-captured imagery to detect and quantify snow coverage on solar panels, aiming to enhance power forecasting and optimize snow removal strategies in winter conditions. We developed and evaluated two approaches using YOLO-based models: Approach 1, a high-precision method utilizing a two-class detection model, and Approach 2, a real-time single-class detection model optimized for fast inference. While Approach 1 demonstrated superior accuracy, achieving an overall precision of 89% and recall of 82%, it is computationally expensive, making it more suitable for strategic decision making. Approach 2, with a precision of 93% and a recall of 75%, provides a lightweight and efficient alternative for real-time monitoring but is sensitive to lighting variations. The proposed framework calculates snow coverage percentages (SCP) to support snow removal planning, minimize downtime, and optimize power generation. Compared to fixed-camera-based snow detection models, our approach leverages drone imagery to improve detection precision while offering greater scalability to be adopted for large solar farms. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of both approaches is presented in this paper, highlighting their strengths and weaknesses in different environmental conditions.

Keywords: snow detection; solar panel efficiency; oriented bounding box; instance segmentation; snow coverage area (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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