Research Progress and Technical Challenges of Geothermal Energy Development from Hot Dry Rock: A Review

Yilong Yuan, Xinli Zhang, Han Yu, Chenghao Zhong, Yu Wang, Dongguang Wen, Tianfu Xu () and Fabrizio Gherardi ()
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Yilong Yuan: Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
Xinli Zhang: Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
Han Yu: Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
Chenghao Zhong: Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
Yu Wang: Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
Dongguang Wen: Center for Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology Survey, China Geological Survey, Tianjin 300304, China
Tianfu Xu: Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
Fabrizio Gherardi: Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 7, 1-28

Abstract: The reserves of hot dry rock (HDR) geothermal resources are huge. The main method used to develop HDR geothermal resources is called an enhanced geothermal system (EGS), and this generally uses hydraulic fracturing. After nearly 50 years of research and development, more and more countries have joined the ranks engaged in the exploration and development of HDR in the world. This paper summarizes the base technologies, key technologies, and game-changing technologies used to promote the commercialization of HDR geothermal resources. According to the present situation of the exploration, development, and utilization of HDR at home and abroad, the evaluation and site selection, efficient and low-cost drilling, and geothermal utilization of HDR geothermal resources are defined as the base technologies. Key technologies include the high-resolution exploration and characterization of HDR, efficient and complex fracture network reservoir creation, effective microseismic control, fracture network connectivity, and reservoir characterization. Game-changing technologies include downhole liquid explosion fracture creation, downhole in-situ efficient heat transfer and power generation, and the use of CO 2 and other working fluids for high-efficient power generation. Most of the base technologies already have industrial applications, but future efforts must focus on reducing costs. The majority of key technologies are still in the site demonstration and validation phase and have not yet been applied on an industrial scale. However, breakthroughs in cost reduction and application effectiveness are urgently needed for these key technologies. Game-changing technologies remain at the laboratory research stage, but any breakthroughs in this area could significantly advance the efficient development of HDR geothermal resources. In addition, we conducted a comparative analysis of the respective advantages of China and the United States in some key technologies of HDR development. On this basis, we summarized the key challenges identified throughout the discussion and highlighted the most pressing research priorities. We hope these technologies can guide new breakthroughs in HDR geothermal development in China and other countries, helping to establish a batch of HDR exploitation demonstration areas. In addition, we look forward to fostering collaboration between China and the United States through technical comparisons, jointly promoting the commercial development of HDR geothermal resources.

Keywords: hot dry rock; enhanced geothermal system; field demonstration; research progress; technical challenges (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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