A Single-Phase Modular Multilevel Converter Based on a Battery Energy Storage System for Residential UPS with Two-Level Active Balancing Control

Yang Wang, Thomas Geury and Omar Hegazy ()
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Yang Wang: MOBI-EPOWERS Research Group, ETEC Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
Thomas Geury: MOBI-EPOWERS Research Group, ETEC Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
Omar Hegazy: MOBI-EPOWERS Research Group, ETEC Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 7, 1-24

Abstract: This paper focuses on the development and experimental validation of a single-phase modular multilevel converter (MMC) based on a battery energy storage system (BESS) for residential uninterruptible power supply (UPS) with two-level active SoC balancing control. The configuration and mathematical modeling of the single-phase MMC-BESS are first presented, followed by the details of the control strategies, including dual-loop output voltage and current control in islanded mode, grid-connected control, circulating current control, and two-level active state-of-charge (SoC) balancing control. The design and optimization of the quasi-proportional-resonant (QPR) controllers were investigated by using particle swarm optimization (PSO). Simulation models were built to explore the operating characteristics of the UPS under islanded mode with an RL load and grid-connected mode and assess the control performance. A 500 W experimental prototype was developed and is herein presented, including results under different operating conditions of the MMC-BESS. The experimental results show that for both RL load and grid-connected tests, balancing was achieved. The response time to track the reference value was two grid periods (0.04 s). In the islanded mode test, the THD was 1.37% and 4.59% for the voltage and current, respectively, while in the grid-connected mode test, these values were 1.72% and 4.24% for voltage and current, respectively.

Keywords: modular multilevel converter (MMC); battery energy storage system (BESS); single phase; uninterruptible power supply (UPS); two-level active SoC balancing control; circulating current control; quasi-proportional-resonant (QPR) control; experimental validation (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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