Graphene Flakes and Ethylene–Vinyl Acetate-Based Sensor for Detecting Mechanical Damage in Photovoltaic Panels on Sound-Absorbing Screens: An Engineering Approach for Civil and Military Applications

Adam Januszko (), Krzysztof Górski, Krzysztof A. Bogdanowicz, Kazimierz Drabczyk, Mariusz Zdrojek, Klaudia Żerańska, Witalis Pellowski, Jacek Miedziak and Agnieszka Iwan ()
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Adam Januszko: Faculty of Security and Safety Research, General Tadeusz Kosciuszko Military University of Land Forces, Czajkowskiego 109, 51-147 Wroclaw, Poland
Krzysztof Górski: Faculty of Security and Safety Research, General Tadeusz Kosciuszko Military University of Land Forces, Czajkowskiego 109, 51-147 Wroclaw, Poland
Krzysztof A. Bogdanowicz: Military Institute of Engineer Technology, 136 Obornicka, 50-961 Wroclaw, Poland
Kazimierz Drabczyk: Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, 25 Reymonta, 30-059 Cracow, Poland
Mariusz Zdrojek: Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, 75 Koszykowa, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland
Klaudia Żerańska: Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, 75 Koszykowa, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland
Witalis Pellowski: Faculty of Security and Safety Research, General Tadeusz Kosciuszko Military University of Land Forces, Czajkowskiego 109, 51-147 Wroclaw, Poland
Jacek Miedziak: Faculty of Security and Safety Research, General Tadeusz Kosciuszko Military University of Land Forces, Czajkowskiego 109, 51-147 Wroclaw, Poland
Agnieszka Iwan: Faculty of Security and Safety Research, General Tadeusz Kosciuszko Military University of Land Forces, Czajkowskiego 109, 51-147 Wroclaw, Poland

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 7, 1-18

Abstract: In this work, we present a new graphene-based sensor designed to monitor a set of photovoltaic panels on a sound-absorbing screen in terms of their potential mechanical damage. The innovative design of the photovoltaic module and consequently its sound-reflecting and sound-absorbing parameters play a vital role. The light transmittance of the sensor layer composed of graphene flakes in a cellulose matrix, confirmed by optical studies, allows its use directly over the photovoltaic cells. All the sensors are interconnected with metallic connections to reduce their internal resistance on larger surfaces. The sensor state is monitored through the resistance value as a zero-one operation/damaged response. Two sensor damage, scenarios, repetitive scratching, and cutting-out were described. The sensor measurements were performed in the potential ranging from 2.1 to 51.1 V, and the current response allowed to calculate the total resistance. The change in sensor resistance ranged between 9.3 and 24.1%, depending on the damaged area. The resistance for the scratched surface oscillated between 25 and 26 Ω, whereas the cut-out surface showed values more than 1.5 times higher. The proposed sensor based on graphene, cellulose, and ethylene–vinyl acetate allows the registration of immediate information about the destruction or theft of a power node.

Keywords: graphene; graphene oxide; photovoltaics; sensor; mechanical damage (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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