Categorization of Residential Appliances Using ZIP Load Modeling and Conservation Voltage Reduction Analysis

Mithila Seva Bala Sundaram (), Wai Tong Chor, Jeyraj Selvaraj, Ab Halim Abu Bakar and ChiaKwang Tan
Additional contact information
Mithila Seva Bala Sundaram: Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE) UM Power Energy Dedicated Advanced Centre (UMPEDAC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 59990, Malaysia
Wai Tong Chor: Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE) UM Power Energy Dedicated Advanced Centre (UMPEDAC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 59990, Malaysia
Jeyraj Selvaraj: Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE) UM Power Energy Dedicated Advanced Centre (UMPEDAC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 59990, Malaysia
Ab Halim Abu Bakar: Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE) UM Power Energy Dedicated Advanced Centre (UMPEDAC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 59990, Malaysia
ChiaKwang Tan: Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE) UM Power Energy Dedicated Advanced Centre (UMPEDAC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 59990, Malaysia

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 8, 1-25

Abstract: This research aimed to ascertain the ZIP (constant impedance, constant current, and constant power) coefficients and Conservation of Voltage Reduction factor (CVR f ) for residential appliances as well as for the residential network feeders in Malaysia through measurement and simulation analysis. The required power data were obtained through varying the supply voltage from 250 V to 215 V with a 5 V reduction. The appliances’ components were identified using the ZIP coefficients solved with the Sequential Least Squares Programming optimizer in Python (Spyder 5.5.4). The CVR f for residential appliances was determined using the well-established voltage and power correlation analysis. The study’s findings demonstrate a strong association between the appliance load composition determined by the ZIP load model and CVR f . This paper’s primary contribution is a comprehensive analysis conducted using the ZIP and CVR techniques to ascertain each appliance’s load composition. Based on the findings of this study, a classification is developed and extended to include a range of findings from other published studies in which the conclusion is consistent. Moreover, the CVR f value for one residence corresponds to a residential substation CVR f which is further validated via bottom-up load model analysis. The main contribution of this paper is to categorize residential appliances based on constant impedance, constant current, and constant power through the ZIP load model and the CVR f . Additionally, this CVR analysis is the pioneer study in Malaysia; thus, it is crucial to develop a systematic approach for identifying and classifying household devices according to their electrical characteristics. Load categorization provides the fundamental understanding about an appliance to determine its behavior towards a change in voltage, thus establishing cost savings and energy management in a home.

Keywords: ZIP load model; Conservation Voltage Reduction factor (CVR f ); load categorization; bottom-up load modeling (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
References: Add references at CitEc
Citations:

Downloads: (external link)
https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/8/1999/pdf (application/pdf)
https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/8/1999/ (text/html)

Related works:
This item may be available elsewhere in EconPapers: Search for items with the same title.

Export reference: BibTeX RIS (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan) HTML/Text

Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:8:p:1999-:d:1633912

Access Statistics for this article

Energies is currently edited by Ms. Agatha Cao

More articles in Energies from MDPI
Bibliographic data for series maintained by MDPI Indexing Manager ().