Evaluation of Environmental Factors Influencing Photovoltaic System Efficiency Under Real-World Conditions

Krzysztof Pytel (), Wiktor Hudy, Roman Filipek, Malgorzata Piaskowska-Silarska, Jana Depešová, Robert Sito, Ewa Janiszewska, Izabela Sieradzka and Krzysztof Sulkowski
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Krzysztof Pytel: Department of Power Engineering and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
Wiktor Hudy: Institute of Technology, University of the National Education Commission, ul. Podchorażych 2, 30-084 Krakow, Poland
Roman Filipek: Department of Power Engineering and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
Malgorzata Piaskowska-Silarska: Institute of Technology, University of the National Education Commission, ul. Podchorażych 2, 30-084 Krakow, Poland
Jana Depešová: Department of Technology and Information Technologies, Faculty of Education, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 1, 949 74 Nitra, Slovakia
Robert Sito: Department of Technology and Information Technologies, Faculty of Education, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 1, 949 74 Nitra, Slovakia
Ewa Janiszewska: Department of Vocational Subjects Didactics, DTI University, Dukelská štvrť 1404/613, 018 41 Dubnica nad Váhom, Slovakia
Izabela Sieradzka: Department of Vocational Subjects Didactics, DTI University, Dukelská štvrť 1404/613, 018 41 Dubnica nad Váhom, Slovakia
Krzysztof Sulkowski: Department of Vocational Subjects Didactics, DTI University, Dukelská štvrť 1404/613, 018 41 Dubnica nad Váhom, Slovakia

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 8, 1-32

Abstract: The study addresses the impact of selected environmental factors on the energy production of photovoltaic systems under real outdoor conditions, with particular emphasis on the application of evolutionary computation techniques. The experiment was carried out on a dedicated test stand, where measurements were made under natural environmental conditions. Parameters such as solar irradiance, wind speed, temperature, air pollution, and obtained PV power were continuously recorded. Initial correlation analysis using Pearson and Spearman coefficients confirmed associations between environmental factors and power output, especially solar irradiance. In order to advance the analysis beyond conventional methods, a linear regression model was developed in which the model weights were optimized using evolutionary algorithms, allowing for a more robust assessment of the contribution of each parameter. The results showed that solar irradiance accounted for 97.79% of the variance in photovoltaic power, while temperature (0.95%), air pollution (0.72%), and wind speed (0.54%) had significantly lower impacts. The implementation of evolutionary algorithms represents a novel approach in this context and has proven to be effective in quantifying environmental influence under complex real-world conditions. Furthermore, the findings highlight the indirect role of air pollution in attenuating irradiance and reducing system efficiency. These insights provide a foundation for the development of adaptive control strategies and predictive models to optimize the performance of the photovoltaic system in dynamic environmental settings.

Keywords: energy; solar energy; evolutionary algorithm; energy efficiency; energy conversion; pollutant emissions (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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