Mechanisms and Modelling of Effects on the Degradation Processes of a Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell: A Comprehensive Review

Krystof Foniok, Lubomira Drozdova, Lukas Prokop, Filip Krupa, Pavel Kedron and Vojtech Blazek ()
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Krystof Foniok: Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 15, 708 33 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
Lubomira Drozdova: ENET Centre, CEET, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 2172/15, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
Lukas Prokop: ENET Centre, CEET, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 2172/15, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
Filip Krupa: ENET Centre, CEET, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 2172/15, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
Pavel Kedron: ENET Centre, CEET, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 2172/15, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
Vojtech Blazek: ENET Centre, CEET, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 2172/15, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 8, 1-64

Abstract: Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs), recognised for their high efficiency and zero emissions, represent a promising solution for automotive applications. Despite their potential, durability challenges under real-world automotive operating conditions—arising from chemical, mechanical, catalytic, and thermal degradation processes intensified by contaminants—limit their broader adoption. This review aims to systematically assess recent advancements in understanding and modelling PEMFC degradation mechanisms. The article critically evaluates experimental approaches integrated with advanced physicochemical modelling techniques, such as impedance spectroscopy, microstructural analysis, and hybrid modelling approaches, highlighting their strengths and specific limitations. Experimental studies conducted under dynamic, realistic conditions provide precise data for validating these models. The review explicitly compares physics-based, data-driven, and hybrid modelling strategies, discussing trade-offs between accuracy, computational demand, and generalizability. Key findings emphasise that hybrid models effectively balance precision with computational efficiency. Finally, the article identifies apparent research gaps. It suggests future directions, including developing degradation-resistant materials, improved simulation methodologies, and intelligent control systems to optimise PEMFC performance and enhance operational lifespan.

Keywords: PEM fuel cell; degradation processes; effects of the vehicle load mode; modelling (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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