Sustainable Electric Micromobility Through Integrated Power Electronic Systems and Control Strategies

Mohamed Krichi, Abdullah M. Noman (), Mhamed Fannakh, Tarik Raffak and Zeyad A. Haidar
Additional contact information
Mohamed Krichi: LISA Laboratory, Ecole Nationale des Sciences Appliquées, Hassan First University of Settat, Berrechid 26100, Morocco
Abdullah M. Noman: Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
Mhamed Fannakh: LISA Laboratory, Ecole Nationale des Sciences Appliquées, Hassan First University of Settat, Berrechid 26100, Morocco
Tarik Raffak: LISA Laboratory, Ecole Nationale des Sciences Appliquées, Hassan First University of Settat, Berrechid 26100, Morocco
Zeyad A. Haidar: Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Aden University, Aden 6312, Yemen

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 8, 1-40

Abstract: A comprehensive roadmap for advancing Electric Micromobility (EMM) systems addressing the fragmented and scarce information available in the field is defined as a transformative solution for urban transportation, targeting short-distance trips with compact, lightweight vehicles under 350 kg and maximum speeds of 45 km/h, such as bicycles, e-scooters, and skateboards, which offer flexible, eco-friendly alternatives to traditional transportation, easing congestion and promoting sustainable urban mobility ecosystems. This review aims to guide researchers by consolidating key technical insights and offering a foundation for future exploration in this domain. It examines critical components of EMM systems, including electric motors, batteries, power converters, and control strategies. Likewise, a comparative analysis of electric motors, such as PMSM, BLDC, SRM, and IM, highlights their unique advantages for micromobility applications. Battery technologies, including Lithium Iron Phosphate, Nickel Manganese Cobalt, Nickel-Cadmium, Sodium-Sulfur, Lithium-Ion and Sodium-Ion, are evaluated with a focus on energy density, efficiency, and environmental impact. The study delves deeply into power converters, emphasizing their critical role in optimizing energy flow and improving system performance. Furthermore, control techniques like PID, fuzzy logic, sliding mode, and model predictive control (MPC) are analyzed to enhance safety, efficiency, and adaptability in diverse EMM scenarios by using cutting-edge semiconductor devices like Silicon Carbide (SiC) and Gallium Nitride (GaN) in well-known configurations, such as buck, boost, buck–boost, and bidirectional converters to ensure great efficiency, reduce energy losses, and ensure compact and reliable designs. Ultimately, this review not only addresses existing gaps in the literature but also provides a guide for researchers, outlining future research directions to foster innovation and contribute to the development of sustainable, efficient, and environmentally friendly urban transportation systems.

Keywords: electric micromobility; sustainable urban transportation; electric motors; battery technologies; power converters; control strategies; PID control; fuzzy logic control; model predictive control; energy efficiency (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations:

Downloads: (external link)
https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/8/2143/pdf (application/pdf)
https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/8/2143/ (text/html)

Related works:
This item may be available elsewhere in EconPapers: Search for items with the same title.

Export reference: BibTeX RIS (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan) HTML/Text

Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:8:p:2143-:d:1639338

Access Statistics for this article

Energies is currently edited by Ms. Agatha Cao

More articles in Energies from MDPI
Bibliographic data for series maintained by MDPI Indexing Manager ().