A Comprehensive Review of Solar PV Integration with Smart-Grids: Challenges, Standards, and Grid Codes

Gowthamraj Rajendran (), Reiko Raute () and Cedric Caruana
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Gowthamraj Rajendran: Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malta, Msida Campus (Main Campus), MSD 2080 Msida, Malta
Reiko Raute: Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malta, Msida Campus (Main Campus), MSD 2080 Msida, Malta
Cedric Caruana: Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malta, Msida Campus (Main Campus), MSD 2080 Msida, Malta

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 9, 1-82

Abstract: Promoting a sustainable and low-carbon energy future through the integration of renewable energy is essential, yet it presents significant challenges due to the intermittent nature of resources such as solar and wind. This paper examines the technological and economic dimensions of AC, DC, and smart grids, concentrating on the optimization of costs, efficiency, stability, and scalability. Smart grids, enhanced by AI, IoT, and blockchain technologies, play a vital role in energy management optimization, predictive maintenance, and secure energy transactions. Furthermore, the incorporation of renewable energy sources, especially photovoltaics, presents challenges including intermittency, voltage fluctuations, and grid congestion. This paper emphasizes the necessity for updated grid codes and policies that guarantee system stability and the effective functioning of renewable energy systems. The implementation of these regulatory frameworks is crucial for facilitating the efficient integration of renewable energy into the grid, ensuring a reliable and secure power supply while advancing sustainability efforts.

Keywords: smart grids; renewable energy integration; energy management optimization; AI and blockchain in energy systems; grid modernization (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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