A High-Precision Defect Detection Approach Based on BiFDRep-YOLOv8n for Small Target Defects in Photovoltaic Modules

Yi Lu, Chunsong Du, Xu Li, Shaowei Liang, Qian Zhang and Zhenghui Zhao ()
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Yi Lu: School of Electrical Information Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
Chunsong Du: School of Electrical Information Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
Xu Li: School of Electrical Information Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
Shaowei Liang: Energy Internet Research Institute, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100085, China
Qian Zhang: School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
Zhenghui Zhao: School of Electrical Information Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 9, 1-23

Abstract: With the accelerated transition of the global energy structure towards decarbonization, the share of PV power generation in the power system continues to rise. IEA predicts PV will account for 80% of new global renewable installations during 2025–2030. However, latent faults emerging from the long-term operation of photovoltaic (PV) power plants significantly compromise their operational efficiency. The existing EL detection methods in PV plants face challenges including grain boundary interference, probe band artifacts, non-uniform luminescence, and complex backgrounds, which elevate the risk of missing small defects. In this paper, we propose a high-precision defect detection method based on BiFDRep-YOLOv8n for small target defects in photovoltaic (PV) power plants, aiming to improve the detection accuracy and real-time performance and to provide an efficient solution for the intelligent detection of PV power plants. Firstly, the visual transformer RepViT is constructed as the backbone network, based on the dual-path mechanism of Token Mixer and Channel Mixer, to achieve local feature extraction and global information modeling, and combined with the structural reparameterization technique, to enhance the sensitivity of detecting small defects. Secondly, for the multi-scale characteristics of defects, the neck network is optimized by introducing a bidirectional weighted feature pyramid network (BiFPN), which adopts an adaptive weight allocation strategy to enhance feature fusion and improve the characterization of defects at different scales. Finally, the detection head part uses DyHead-DCNv3, which combines the triple attention mechanism of scale, space, and task awareness, and introduces deformable convolution (DCNv3) to improve the modeling capability and detection accuracy of irregular defects.

Keywords: photovoltaic power plant; defect detection; YOLOv8n; RepViT; BiFPN; DyHead-DCNv3 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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