Technical Feasibility Analysis of Green Energy Storage Options and Hornsea Wind Farms

Muhammad Anas Maqbool (), Md Jahir Rizvi, Yeaw Chu Lee and Pablo Borja Rosales
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Muhammad Anas Maqbool: School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
Md Jahir Rizvi: School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
Yeaw Chu Lee: School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
Pablo Borja Rosales: School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 9, 1-33

Abstract: The global transition towards clean energy sources is becoming essential to reduce reliance on conventional fuels and mitigate carbon emissions. In the future, the clean energy storage landscape, green hydrogen, and green ammonia (powered by renewable energy sources) are emerging as key players. This study explores the prospectives and feasibility of producing and storing offshore green hydrogen and green ammonia. The potential power output of Hornsea one and Hornsea two winds farms in the United Kingdom was calculated using real wind data. The usable electricity from the Hornsea one wind farm was 5.83 TWh/year, and from the Hornsea two wind farm, it was 6.44 TWh/year, harnessed to three different scenarios for the production and storage of green ammonia and green hydrogen. Scenario 1 fulfil the requirement of green hydrogen storage for flexible ammonia production but consumes more energy for green hydrogen compression. Scenario 2 does not offer any hydrogen storage which is not favourable in terms of flexibility and market demand. Scenario 3 offers both, a direct routed supply of produced hydrogen for green ammonia synthesis and a storage facility for green hydrogen storage. Detailed mathematical calculations and sensitivity analysis was performed based on the total energy available to find out the energy storage capacity in terms of the mass of green hydrogen and green ammonia produced. Sensitivity analysis in the case of scenario 3 was conducted to determine the optimal percentage of green hydrogen going to the storage facility. Based on the cost evaluation of three different presented scenarios, the levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) is between USD 5.30 and 5.97/kg, and the levelized cost of ammonia (LCOA) is between USD 984.16 and USD 1197.11/tonne. These prices are lower compared to the current UK market. The study finds scenario 3 as the most appropriate way in terms of compression energy savings, flexibility for the production and storage capacity that depends upon the supply and demand of these green fuels in the market, and a feasible amount of green hydrogen storage.

Keywords: green ammonia storage; green hydrogen storage; Hornsea offshore wind farms; electrolysis; the UK (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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