Control of DC Bus Voltage in a 10 kV Off-Grid Wind–Solar–Hydrogen Energy Storage System

Jiangzhou Cheng, Jialin Meng (), Gang Bao and Xinyu Hu
Additional contact information
Jiangzhou Cheng: College of Electrical and New Energy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
Jialin Meng: College of Electrical and New Energy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
Gang Bao: College of Electrical and New Energy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
Xinyu Hu: College of Electrical and New Energy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 9, 1-20

Abstract: We propose a coordinated control strategy for off-grid 10 kV wind–solar–hydrogen energy storage DC microgrid systems based on hybrid energy storage and controllable loads to improve their stability and accommodation level. First, mathematical models of each unit are established based on the operating characteristics of wind turbines, photovoltaic (PV) units, alkaline electrolyzers, fuel cells, and lithium batteries. Second, on the side of the electro-hydrogen hybrid energy storage DC/DC converter, the traditional dual-loop control is improved by proposing a control scheme combining an extended state observer with adaptive backstepping control (ESO-adaptive backstepping). On the load demand side, an electric spring incorporating adaptive fuzzy control (AFC) is introduced to adjust and compensate for the voltage. Finally, an actual case analysis is conducted using data from the Ningbo Cixi hydrogen–electric coupling DC microgrid demonstration project. The results demonstrate that the control method proposed in this study significantly outperforms the traditional double closed-loop control method. Specifically, the proposed method reduces the bus voltage fluctuation range in the presence of load disturbances by 24.07% and decreases the stabilization time by 56.92%. Additionally, the efficiency of the hydrogen fuel cell is enhanced by 31.88%. This control method can be applied to 10 kV DC microgrid systems with distributed energy resources. It aims to reduce the fluctuation amplitude of the DC bus voltage and enhance the system’s ability to withstand transient impact events.

Keywords: DC microgrid; DC/DC converter; hybrid energy storage; expansion observer; adaptive backstepping control (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
References: Add references at CitEc
Citations:

Downloads: (external link)
https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/9/2328/pdf (application/pdf)
https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/9/2328/ (text/html)

Related works:
This item may be available elsewhere in EconPapers: Search for items with the same title.

Export reference: BibTeX RIS (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan) HTML/Text

Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:9:p:2328-:d:1648429

Access Statistics for this article

Energies is currently edited by Ms. Agatha Cao

More articles in Energies from MDPI
Bibliographic data for series maintained by MDPI Indexing Manager ().