Energy Management in Microgrids: Commercial, Industrial, and Residential Perspectives

Mohamed Atef, Sanath Alahakoon (), Peter Wolfs, Umme Mumtahina, Tamer Khatib and Moslem Uddin
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Mohamed Atef: School of Engineering & Technology, Central Queensland University, Gladstone, QLD 4680, Australia
Sanath Alahakoon: School of Engineering & Technology, Central Queensland University, Gladstone, QLD 4680, Australia
Peter Wolfs: School of Engineering & Technology, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD 4701, Australia
Umme Mumtahina: School of Engineering & Technology, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD 4701, Australia
Tamer Khatib: Energy Engineering & Environment Department, An-Najah National University, Nablus 97300, West Bank, Palestine
Moslem Uddin: School of Engineering & Technology, University of New South Wales, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia

Energies, 2026, vol. 19, issue 2, 1-28

Abstract: This study aims to review the energy management of microgrids with a structured focus on residential, commercial, and industrial applications. Building on early optimization and control strategies, this study synthesizes advances in forecasting, uncertainty management, computational intelligence, and digital twin integration. Particular attention is given to multi-energy coupling through storage technologies, including hydrogen and thermal pathways, along with life cycle, trilemma, and sustainability considerations. Sector-specific energy management system (EMS) strategies are compared in terms of objectives, methods, and implementation challenges, highlighting both converging and unique requirements across application domains. Cross-sectoral challenges, such as interoperability, cyber-security, resilience valuation, and policy gaps, are analyzed, and emerging research directions, including artificial intelligence (AI)-driven optimization, hierarchical and multi-agent frameworks, and hydrogen-enabled autonomy, are outlined. This review aims to equip researchers, practitioners, and policymakers with a consolidated reference on microgrid EMS, bridging technical innovation with sustainable and resilient energy transitions.

Keywords: microgrid energy management; commercial microgrids; industrial microgrids; residential microgrids; optimization and control strategies; forecasting and uncertainty management; computational intelligence; digital twins; hydrogen and multi-energy integration; sustainability and energy trilemma (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2026
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