EconPapers    
Economics at your fingertips  
 

Methods of Annotating and Identifying Metaphors in the Field of Natural Language Processing

Martina Ptiček () and Jasminka Dobša
Additional contact information
Martina Ptiček: Faculty of Organization and Informatics, University of Zagreb, 42000 Varaždin, Croatia
Jasminka Dobša: Faculty of Organization and Informatics, University of Zagreb, 42000 Varaždin, Croatia

Future Internet, 2023, vol. 15, issue 6, 1-28

Abstract: Metaphors are an integral and important part of human communication and greatly impact the way our thinking is formed and how we understand the world. The theory of the conceptual metaphor has shifted the focus of research from words to thinking, and also influenced research of the linguistic metaphor, which deals with the issue of how metaphors are expressed in language or speech. With the development of natural language processing over the past few decades, new methods and approaches to metaphor identification have been developed. The aim of the paper is to map the methods of annotating and identifying metaphors in the field of natural language processing and to give a systematic overview of how relevant linguistic theories and natural language processing intersect. The paper provides an outline of cognitive linguistic metaphor theory and an overview of relevant methods of annotating linguistic and conceptual metaphors as well as publicly available datasets. Identification methods are presented chronologically, from early approaches and hand-coded knowledge to statistical methods of machine learning and contemporary methods of using neural networks and contextual word embeddings.

Keywords: metaphor; metaphor annotation; metaphor identification; neural networks; word embeddings; large language models (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O3 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2023
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations:

Downloads: (external link)
https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/15/6/201/pdf (application/pdf)
https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/15/6/201/ (text/html)

Related works:
This item may be available elsewhere in EconPapers: Search for items with the same title.

Export reference: BibTeX RIS (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan) HTML/Text

Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:gam:jftint:v:15:y:2023:i:6:p:201-:d:1160326

Access Statistics for this article

Future Internet is currently edited by Ms. Grace You

More articles in Future Internet from MDPI
Bibliographic data for series maintained by MDPI Indexing Manager ().

 
Page updated 2025-03-19
Handle: RePEc:gam:jftint:v:15:y:2023:i:6:p:201-:d:1160326