A Systematic Review and Comprehensive Analysis of Pioneering AI Chatbot Models from Education to Healthcare: ChatGPT, Bard, Llama, Ernie and Grok

Ketmanto Wangsa, Shakir Karim, Ergun Gide and Mahmoud Elkhodr ()
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Ketmanto Wangsa: Independent Researcher, Sydney 2000, Australia
Shakir Karim: School of Engineering and Technology, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton 4701, Australia
Ergun Gide: School of Engineering and Technology, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton 4701, Australia
Mahmoud Elkhodr: School of Engineering and Technology, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton 4701, Australia

Future Internet, 2024, vol. 16, issue 7, 1-23

Abstract: AI chatbots have emerged as powerful tools for providing text-based solutions to a wide range of everyday challenges. Selecting the appropriate chatbot is crucial for optimising outcomes. This paper presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of five leading chatbots: ChatGPT, Bard, Llama, Ernie, and Grok. The analysis is based on a systematic review of 28 scholarly articles. The review indicates that ChatGPT, developed by OpenAI, excels in educational, medical, humanities, and writing applications but struggles with real-time data accuracy and lacks open-source flexibility. Bard, powered by Google, leverages real-time internet data for problem solving and shows potential in competitive quiz environments, albeit with performance variability and inconsistencies in responses. Llama, an open-source model from Meta, demonstrates significant promise in medical contexts, natural language processing, and personalised educational tools, yet it requires substantial computational resources. Ernie, developed by Baidu, specialises in Chinese language tasks, thus providing localised advantages that may not extend globally due to restrictive policies. Grok, developed by Xai and still in its early stages, shows promise in providing engaging, real-time interactions, humour, and mathematical reasoning capabilities, but its full potential remains to be evaluated through further development and empirical testing. The findings underscore the context-dependent utility of each model and the absence of a singularly superior chatbot. Future research should expand to include a wider range of fields, explore practical applications, and address concerns related to data privacy, ethics, security, and the responsible deployment of these technologies.

Keywords: AI chatbots; ChatGPT; Bard; Llama; Ernie; Grok; systematic review; comparative analysis; natural language processing; real-time data; computational resources; educational applications; medical applications; language specialisation (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O3 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2024
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (1)

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