Trustworthy Face Recognition as a Service: A Multi-Layered Approach for Mitigating Spoofing and Ensuring System Integrity

Mostafa Kira (), Zeyad Alajamy, Ahmed Soliman, Yusuf Mesbah and Manuel Mazzara ()
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Mostafa Kira: Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering, Innopolis University, Universitetskaya St., 420500 Innopolis, Russia
Zeyad Alajamy: Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering, Innopolis University, Universitetskaya St., 420500 Innopolis, Russia
Ahmed Soliman: Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering, Innopolis University, Universitetskaya St., 420500 Innopolis, Russia
Yusuf Mesbah: Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering, Innopolis University, Universitetskaya St., 420500 Innopolis, Russia
Manuel Mazzara: Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering, Innopolis University, Universitetskaya St., 420500 Innopolis, Russia

Future Internet, 2025, vol. 17, issue 10, 1-18

Abstract: Facial recognition systems are increasingly used for authentication across domains such as finance, e-commerce, and public services, but their growing adoption raises significant concerns about spoofing attacks enabled by printed photos, replayed videos, or AI-generated deepfakes. To address this gap, we introduce a multi-layered Face Recognition-as-a-Service (FRaaS) platform that integrates passive liveness detection with active challenge–response mechanisms, thereby defending against both low-effort and sophisticated presentation attacks. The platform is designed as a scalable cloud-based solution, complemented by an open-source SDK for seamless third-party integration, and guided by ethical AI principles of fairness, transparency, and privacy. A comprehensive evaluation validates the system’s logic and implementation: (i) Frontend audits using Lighthouse consistently scored above 96% in performance, accessibility, and best practices; (ii) SDK testing achieved over 91% code coverage with reliable OAuth flow and error resilience; (iii) Passive liveness layer employed the DeepPixBiS model, which achieves an Average Classification Error Rate (ACER) of 0.4 on the OULU–NPU benchmark, outperforming prior state-of-the-art methods; and (iv) Load simulations confirmed high throughput (276 req/s), low latency (95th percentile at 1.51 ms), and zero error rates. Together, these results demonstrate that the proposed platform is robust, scalable, and trustworthy for security-critical applications.

Keywords: face recognition; liveness detection; anti-spoofing; biometric authentication; trustworthy AI; privacy; deep learning; Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O3 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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