Understanding Security Vulnerabilities in Private 5G Networks: Insights from a Literature Review

Jacinta Fue, Jairo A. Gutierrez () and Yezid Donoso
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Jacinta Fue: Department of Computer and Information Sciences, School of Engineering, Computer, and Mathematical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
Jairo A. Gutierrez: Department of Computer and Information Sciences, School of Engineering, Computer, and Mathematical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
Yezid Donoso: Department of Systems and Computing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia

Future Internet, 2025, vol. 17, issue 11, 1-26

Abstract: Private fifth generation (5G) networks have emerged as a cornerstone for ultra-reliable, low-latency connectivity across mission-critical domains such as industrial automation, healthcare, and smart cities. Compared to conventional technologies like 4G or Wi-Fi, they provide clear advantages, including enhanced service continuity, higher reliability, and customizable security controls. However, these benefits come with new security challenges, particularly regarding the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data and services. This article presents a review of security vulnerabilities in private 5G networks. The review pursues four objectives: (i) to identify and categorize key vulnerabilities, (ii) to analyze threats that undermine core security principles, (iii) to evaluate mitigation strategies proposed in the literature, and (iv) to outline gaps that demand further investigation. The findings offer a structured perspective on the evolving threat landscape of private 5G networks, highlighting both well-documented risks and emerging concerns. By mapping vulnerabilities to mitigation approaches and identifying areas where current solutions fall short, this study provides critical insights for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers. Ultimately, the review underscores the urgent need for robust and adaptive security frameworks to ensure the resilience of private 5G deployments in increasingly complex and high-stakes environments.

Keywords: private 5G networks; Non-Public 5G Networks (NPNs); Standalone Non-Public Networks (SNPNs); 5G security challenges; security vulnerabilities in private 5G networks (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O3 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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