High-Risk AI Systems—Lie Detection Application

Konstantinos Kalodanis, Panagiotis Rizomiliotis, Georgios Feretzakis (), Charalampos Papapavlou and Dimosthenis Anagnostopoulos
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Konstantinos Kalodanis: Department of Informatics & Telematics, Harokopio University of Athens, 17778 Athens, Greece
Panagiotis Rizomiliotis: Department of Informatics & Telematics, Harokopio University of Athens, 17778 Athens, Greece
Georgios Feretzakis: School of Science and Technology, Hellenic Open University, 26335 Patras, Greece
Charalampos Papapavlou: Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
Dimosthenis Anagnostopoulos: Department of Informatics & Telematics, Harokopio University of Athens, 17778 Athens, Greece

Future Internet, 2025, vol. 17, issue 1, 1-23

Abstract: Integrating artificial intelligence into border control systems may help to strengthen security and make operations more efficient. For example, the emerging application of artificial intelligence for lie detection when inspecting passengers presents significant opportunities for future implementation. However, as it makes use of technology that is associated with artificial intelligence, the system is classified as high risk, in accordance with the EU AI Act and, therefore, must adhere to rigorous regulatory requirements to mitigate potential risks. This manuscript distinctly amalgamates the technical, ethical, and legal aspects, thereby offering an extensive examination of the AI-based lie detection systems utilized in border security. This academic paper is uniquely set apart from others because it undertakes a thorough investigation into the categorization of these emerging technologies in terms of the regulatory framework established by the EU AI Act, which classifies them as high risk. It further makes an assessment of practical case studies, including notable examples such as iBorderCtrl and AVATAR. This in-depth analysis seeks to emphasize not only the enormous challenges ahead for practitioners but also the progress made in this emerging field of study. Furthermore, it seeks to investigate threats, vulnerabilities, and privacy concerns associated with AI, while providing security controls to address difficulties related to lie detection. Finally, we propose a framework that encompasses the EU AI Act’s principles and serves as a foundation for future approaches and research projects. By analyzing current methodologies and considering future directions, the paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the viability and consequences of deploying AI lie detection capabilities in border control.

Keywords: EU AI Act; high-risk AI systems; lie detection; border control (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O3 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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