Security and Privacy in Physical–Digital Environments: Trends and Opportunities

Carolina Pereira, Anabela Marto, Roberto Ribeiro, Alexandrino Gonçalves, Nuno Rodrigues, Carlos Rabadão, Rogério Luís de Carvalho Costa () and Leonel Santos
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Carolina Pereira: Computer Science and Communication Research Center (CIIC), Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão (ESTG), Polytechnic University of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
Anabela Marto: Computer Science and Communication Research Center (CIIC), Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão (ESTG), Polytechnic University of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
Roberto Ribeiro: Computer Science and Communication Research Center (CIIC), Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão (ESTG), Polytechnic University of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
Alexandrino Gonçalves: Computer Science and Communication Research Center (CIIC), Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão (ESTG), Polytechnic University of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
Nuno Rodrigues: Computer Science and Communication Research Center (CIIC), Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão (ESTG), Polytechnic University of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
Carlos Rabadão: Computer Science and Communication Research Center (CIIC), Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão (ESTG), Polytechnic University of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
Rogério Luís de Carvalho Costa: Computer Science and Communication Research Center (CIIC), Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão (ESTG), Polytechnic University of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
Leonel Santos: Computer Science and Communication Research Center (CIIC), Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão (ESTG), Polytechnic University of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal

Future Internet, 2025, vol. 17, issue 2, 1-23

Abstract: Over recent decades, internet-based communication has grown exponentially, accompanied by a surge in cyber threats from malicious actors targeting users and organizations, heightening the demand for robust security and privacy measures. With the emergence of physical–digital environments based on Mixed Reality (MR) and the Metaverse, new cybersecurity, privacy, and confidentiality challenges have surfaced, requiring innovative approaches. This work examines the current landscape of cybersecurity concerns in MR and Metaverse environments, focusing on their unique vulnerabilities and the risks posed to users and their data. Key challenges include authentication issues, data breaches, and risks to user anonymity. The work also explores advancements in secure design frameworks, encryption techniques, and regulatory approaches to safeguard these technologies. Additionally, it identifies opportunities for further research and innovation to strengthen data protection and ensure a safe, trustworthy experience in these environments.

Keywords: confidentiality; metaverse; mixed reality; privacy; cybersecurity (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O3 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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