TSA-GRU: A Novel Hybrid Deep Learning Module for Learner Behavior Analytics in MOOCs

Soundes Oumaima Boufaida, Abdelmadjid Benmachiche, Makhlouf Derdour (), Majda Maatallah, Moustafa Sadek Kahil and Mohamed Chahine Ghanem ()
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Soundes Oumaima Boufaida: Laboratory of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Chadli Bendjedid University, El-Tarf 36000, Algeria
Abdelmadjid Benmachiche: Laboratory of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Chadli Bendjedid University, El-Tarf 36000, Algeria
Makhlouf Derdour: Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Objects, Larbi Ben M’hidi University, Oum El Bouaghi 04000, Algeria
Majda Maatallah: Laboratory of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Chadli Bendjedid University, El-Tarf 36000, Algeria
Moustafa Sadek Kahil: Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Objects, Larbi Ben M’hidi University, Oum El Bouaghi 04000, Algeria
Mohamed Chahine Ghanem: Department of Computer Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK

Future Internet, 2025, vol. 17, issue 8, 1-31

Abstract: E-Learning is an emerging dominant phenomenon in education, making the development of robust models that can accurately represent the dynamic behavior of learners in MOOCs even more critical. In this article, we propose the Temporal Sparse Attention-Gated Recurrent Unit (TSA-GRU), a novel deep learning framework that combines TSA with a sequential encoder based on the GRU. This hybrid model effectively reconstructs student response times and learning trajectories with high fidelity by leveraging tthe emporal embeddings of instructional and feedback activities. By dynamically filtering noise from student interactions, TSA-GRU generates context-aware representations that seamlessly integrate both short-term fluctuations and long-term learning patterns. Empirical evaluation on the 2009–2010 ASSISTments dataset demonstrates that TSA-GRU achieved a test accuracy of 95.60% and a test loss of 0.0209, outperforming Modular Sparse Attention-Gated Recurrent Unit (MSA-GRU), Bayesian Knowledge Tracing (BKT), Performance Factors Analysis (PFA), and TSA in the same experimental design. TSA-GRU converged in five training epochs; thus, while TSA-GRU is demonstrated to have strong predictive performance for knowledge tracing tasks, these findings are specific to the conducted dataset and should not be implicitly regarded as conclusive for all data. More statistical validation through five-fold cross-validation, confidence intervals, and paired t -tests have confirmed the robustness, consistency, and statistically significant superiority of TSA-GRU over the baseline model MSA-GRU. TSA-GRU’s scalability and capacity to incorporate a temporal dimension of knowledge can make it acceptably well-positioned to analyze complex learner behaviors and plan interventions for adaptive learning in computerized learning systems.

Keywords: MOOCs; TSA-GRU; Temporal Sparse Attention (TSA); Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU); self-attention; learner behavior analytics; knowledge tracing; student response time prediction; hybrid deep learning model (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O3 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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