Rethinking Modbus-UDP for Real-Time IIoT Systems

Ivan Cibrario Bertolotti ()
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Ivan Cibrario Bertolotti: Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni (IEIIT), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 10129 Turin, Italy

Future Internet, 2025, vol. 17, issue 8, 1-21

Abstract: The original Modbus specification for RS-485 and RS-232 buses supported broadcast transmission. As the protocol evolved into Modbus-TCP, to use the TCP transport, this useful feature was lost, likely due to the point-to-point nature of TCP connections. Later proposals did not restore the broadcast transmission capability, although they used UDP as transport and UDP, by itself, would have supported it. Moreover, they did not address the inherent lack of reliable delivery of UDP, leaving datagram loss detection and recovery to the application layer. This paper describes a novel redesign of Modbus-UDP that addresses the aforementioned shortcomings. It achieves a mean round-trip time of only 38% with respect to Modbus-TCP and seamlessly supports a previously published protocol based on Modbus broadcast. In addition, the built-in retransmission of Modbus-UDP reacts more efficiently than the equivalent Modbus-TCP mechanism, exhibiting 50% of its round-trip standard deviation when subject to a 1% two-way IP datagram loss probability. Combined with the lower overhead of UDP versus TCP, this makes the redesigned Modbus-UDP protocol better suited for a variety of Industrial Internet of Things systems with limited computing and communication resources.

Keywords: embedded systems; real-time communication networks; industrial communication; Modbus; industrial IoT (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O3 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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