Comparison of Earthquake and Moisture Effects on Rockfall-Runouts Using 3D Models and Orthorectified Aerial Photos

Mohammad Al-Shaar (), Pierre-Charles Gérard, Ghaleb Faour, Walid Al-Shaar () and Jocelyne Adjizian-Gérard
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Mohammad Al-Shaar: Geography Department, CREEMO (Centre de Recherche en Environnement-Espace Méditerranée Orientale), Saint-Joseph University, Campus des Sciences Humaines, Rue de Damas, Mar Mikhael, Beirut 1104 2020, Lebanon
Pierre-Charles Gérard: Geography Department, CREEMO (Centre de Recherche en Environnement-Espace Méditerranée Orientale), Saint-Joseph University, Campus des Sciences Humaines, Rue de Damas, Mar Mikhael, Beirut 1104 2020, Lebanon
Ghaleb Faour: National Center for Remote Sensing, National Council for Scientific Research (CNRS), Beirut 1107 2260, Lebanon
Walid Al-Shaar: Geography Department, CREEMO (Centre de Recherche en Environnement-Espace Méditerranée Orientale), Saint-Joseph University, Campus des Sciences Humaines, Rue de Damas, Mar Mikhael, Beirut 1104 2020, Lebanon
Jocelyne Adjizian-Gérard: Geography Department, CREEMO (Centre de Recherche en Environnement-Espace Méditerranée Orientale), Saint-Joseph University, Campus des Sciences Humaines, Rue de Damas, Mar Mikhael, Beirut 1104 2020, Lebanon

Geographies, 2023, vol. 3, issue 1, 1-20

Abstract: Rockfall hazard gains popularity nowadays among researchers in different scientific fields, decision-makers and urban planners. The assessment of rockfall hazard requires detection, mapping and estimating the maximum travel distance that rock boulders may reach, commonly known as “rockfall runout”. This latter can change significantly under the effects of different triggering factors such as soil conditions, chemical, physical and geological rock properties. However, comparing and analyzing these different effects represents, to the best of our knowledge, one of the newest scientific challenges that need to be addressed. This paper presents a complete methodologic approach aiming to assess the rockfall hazard through runout estimation in three different conditions: (i) gravity, (ii) earthquakes, and (iii) the presence of moisture along the slope. The “Mtein” Village and its surrounding areas in the Mount Lebanon region were chosen as the study area because there have been numerous historic rockfalls and various-sized rocks, such as cobbles and boulders, scattered throughout the area. Thus, three-dimensional simulations were conducted using the Rockyfor3D software and aerial photos for the year 1999 to assess the rockfall runout, the energy curves, and the number of deposited rocks. The results reveal that earthquakes have the highest triggering effect on rockfall and that moisture has a damping effect on RFs by decreasing the kinetic energy. The study shows the importance of taking into consideration the influence of triggering factors as well as rock density on rockfall runout and hazard.

Keywords: rockfall hazard; mapping; runout; orthorectification; aerial photos (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q1 Q15 Q5 Q53 Q54 Q56 Q57 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2023
References: View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (2)

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