A Biomarker Found in Cadmium Exposed Residents of Thailand by Metabolome Analysis

Dhitiwass Suvagandha, Muneko Nishijo, Witaya Swaddiwudhipong, Ruymon Honda, Morimasa Ohse, Tomiko Kuhara, Hideaki Nakagawa and Werawan Ruangyuttikarn
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Dhitiwass Suvagandha: Environmental Science Program, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
Muneko Nishijo: Department of Public Health, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
Witaya Swaddiwudhipong: Mae Sot General Hospital, Mae Sot District, Tak 63110, Thailand
Ruymon Honda: Department of Nursing, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
Morimasa Ohse: Japan Clinical Metabolomics Institute, Kahoku, Ishikawa 929-1174, Japan
Tomiko Kuhara: Japan Clinical Metabolomics Institute, Kahoku, Ishikawa 929-1174, Japan
Hideaki Nakagawa: Department of Public Health, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
Werawan Ruangyuttikarn: Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand

IJERPH, 2014, vol. 11, issue 4, 1-17

Abstract: First, the urinary metabolic profiling by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), was performed to compare ten cadmium (Cd) toxicosis cases from a Cd-polluted area in Mae Sot (Thailand) with gender-matched healthy controls. Orthogonal partial list square-discrimination analysis was used to identify new biomarker candidates in highly Cd exposed toxicosis cases with remarkable renal tubular dysfunction. The results of the first step of this study showed that urinary citrate was a negative marker and myo -inositol was a positive marker for Cd toxicosis in Thailand. In the second step, we measured urinary citrate in the residents (168 Cd-exposed subjects and 100 controls) and found significantly lower levels of urinary citrate and higher ratios of calcium/citrate and magnesium/citrate, which are risk factors for nephrolithiasis, in highly Cd-exposed residents. Additionally, this inverse association of urinary citrate with urinary Cd was observed after adjustment for age, smoking and renal tubular dysfunction, suggesting a direct effect of Cd on citrate metabolism. These results indicate that urinary citrate is a useful biomarker for the adverse health effects of Cd exposure in a Thai population with a high prevalence of nephrolithiasis.

Keywords: cadmium; metabolomics; orthogonal partial list square-discrimination analysis (OPLS-DA); urinary citrate; Thailand (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2014
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