Associations between Urinary Excretion of Cadmium and Renal Biomarkers in Nonsmoking Females: A Cross-Sectional Study in Rural Areas of South China

Yun-rui Zhang, Ping Wang, Xu-xia Liang, Chuen Seng Tan, Jian-bin Tan, Jing Wang, Qiong Huang, Rui Huang, Zhi-xue Li, Wen-cai Chen, Shi-xuan Wu, Choon Nam Ong, Xing-fen Yang and Yong-ning Wu
Additional contact information
Yun-rui Zhang: Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
Ping Wang: Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
Xu-xia Liang: Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
Chuen Seng Tan: Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, 119077, Singapore
Jian-bin Tan: Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
Jing Wang: Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
Qiong Huang: Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
Rui Huang: Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
Zhi-xue Li: Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
Wen-cai Chen: Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
Shi-xuan Wu: Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
Choon Nam Ong: National University of Singapore Environmental Research Institute (NERI), 117597 Singapore
Xing-fen Yang: Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
Yong-ning Wu: Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment of Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China

IJERPH, 2015, vol. 12, issue 10, 1-14

Abstract: Objectives: The aim of this study was to systematically evaluate the relationship between urinary excretion of cadmium (U-Cd) and biomarkers of renal dysfunction. Methods: One hundred eighty five non-smoking female farmers (aged from 44 to 71 years) were recruited from two rural areas with different cadmium levels of exposure in southern China. Morning spot urine samples were collected for detecting U-Cd, urinary creatinine (U- cre ), ? 2 -microglobulin (? 2 -MG), ? 1 -microglobulin (? 1 -MG), metallothionein (MT), retinol binding protein (RBP), albumin (AB), N-acetyl-?-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), ?-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1). Spearman’s rank correlation was carried out to assess pairwise bivariate associations between continuous variables. Three different models of multiple linear regression (the cre -corrected, un-corrected and cre -adjusted model) were used to model the dose-response relationships between U-Cd and nine urine markers. Results: Spearman’s rank correlation showed that NAG, ALP, RBP, ? 2 -MG and MT were significantly associated with U-Cd for both cre -corrected and observed data. Generally, NAG correlated best with U-Cd among the nine biomarkers studied, followed by ALP and MT. In the un-corrected model and cre -adjusted model, the regression coefficients and R 2 of nine biomarkers were larger than the corresponding values in the cre -corrected model, indicating that the use of observed data was better for investigating the relationship between biomarkers and U-Cd than cre -corrected data. Conclusions: Our results suggest that NAG, MT and ALP in urine were better biomarkers for long-term environmental cadmium exposure assessment among the nine biomarkers studied. Further, data without normalization with creatinine show better relationships between cadmium exposure and renal dysfunction.

Keywords: cadmium; biomonitoring; renal; women; cross-sectional studies (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2015
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (1)

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