Predictors of Urinary 3-Phenoxybenzoic Acid Levels in 50 North Carolina Adults

Marsha Morgan, Paul Jones, Jon Sobus and Dana Boyd Barr
Additional contact information
Marsha Morgan: United States Environmental Protection Agency, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
Paul Jones: United States Environmental Protection Agency, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
Jon Sobus: United States Environmental Protection Agency, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
Dana Boyd Barr: Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA

IJERPH, 2016, vol. 13, issue 11, 1-13

Abstract: Limited data are available on the non-chemical stressors that impact adult exposures to pyrethroid insecticides based on urinary biomonitoring. The urinary metabolite, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA), is commonly used to assess human exposure to a number of pyrethroids. In a further analysis of published study data, we quantified urinary 3-PBA levels of 50 adults over a single, 24-h sampling period and examined the associations between the biomarker measurements and selected non-chemical stressors (demographic, lifestyle, and dietary factors). A convenience sample of 50 adults was recruited in North Carolina in 2009–2011. Participants collected individual urine voids (up to 11) and filled out activity, food, and pesticide use diaries over a 24-h sampling period. Urine voids ( n = 326) were analyzed for 3-PBA concentrations using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. 3-PBA was detected in 98% of the 24-h composited urine samples. The geometric mean urinary 3-PBA level was 1.68 ng/mL in adults. Time spent outside ( p = 0.0006) was a highly significant predictor of natural log-transformed (ln) urinary 3-PBA levels, while consumption of coffee ( p = 0.007) and breads ( p = 0.019) and ln creatinine levels ( p = 0.037) were significant predictors of urinary 3-PBA levels. In conclusion, we identified specific factors that substantially increased adult exposures to pyrethroids in their everyday environments.

Keywords: adults; insecticides; exposure; determinants; urine; biomarkers (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2016
References: View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (1)

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