Clinical Effects of Cigarette Smoking: Epidemiologic Impact and Review of Pharmacotherapy Options

IfeanyiChukwu O. Onor, Daniel L. Stirling, Shandrika R. Williams, Daniel Bediako, Amne Borghol, Martha B. Harris, Tiernisha B. Darensburg, Sharde D. Clay, Samuel C. Okpechi and Daniel F. Sarpong
Additional contact information
IfeanyiChukwu O. Onor: Xavier University of Louisiana College of Pharmacy, 1 Drexel Drive, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA
Daniel L. Stirling: Xavier University of Louisiana College of Pharmacy, 1 Drexel Drive, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA
Shandrika R. Williams: Xavier University of Louisiana College of Pharmacy, 1 Drexel Drive, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA
Daniel Bediako: Xavier University of Louisiana College of Pharmacy, 1 Drexel Drive, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA
Amne Borghol: Xavier University of Louisiana College of Pharmacy, 1 Drexel Drive, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA
Martha B. Harris: Xavier University of Louisiana College of Pharmacy, 1 Drexel Drive, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA
Tiernisha B. Darensburg: Xavier University of Louisiana College of Pharmacy, 1 Drexel Drive, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA
Sharde D. Clay: Xavier University of Louisiana College of Pharmacy, 1 Drexel Drive, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA
Samuel C. Okpechi: Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, 1700 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
Daniel F. Sarpong: Center for Minority Health and Health Disparities Research and Education, Xavier University of Louisiana College of Pharmacy, 1 Drexel Drive, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA

IJERPH, 2017, vol. 14, issue 10, 1-16

Abstract: Cigarette smoking—a crucial modifiable risk factor for organ system diseases and cancer—remains prevalent in the United States and globally. In this literature review, we aim to summarize the epidemiology of cigarette smoking and tobacco use in the United States, pharmacology of nicotine—the active constituent of tobacco, and health consequence of cigarette smoking. This article also reviews behavioral and pharmacologic interventions for cigarette smokers and provides cost estimates for approved pharmacologic interventions in the United States. A literature search was conducted on Google Scholar, EBSCOhost, ClinicalKey, and PubMed databases using the following headings in combination or separately: cigarette smoking, tobacco smoking, epidemiology in the United States, health consequences of cigarette smoking, pharmacologic therapy for cigarette smoking, and non-pharmacologic therapy for cigarette smoking. This review found that efficacious non-pharmacologic interventions and pharmacologic therapy are available for cessation of cigarette smoking. Given the availability of efficacious interventions for cigarette smoking cessation, concerted efforts should be made by healthcare providers and public health professionals to promote smoking cessation as a valuable approach for reducing non-smokers’ exposure to environmental tobacco smoke.

Keywords: tobacco; cigarette; smoking; adverse health effects; non-pharmacologic therapy; pharmacotherapy (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2017
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (2)

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