Microwave-Enhanced Photolysis of Norfloxacin: Kinetics, Matrix Effects, and Degradation Pathways

Wenchao Liao, Virender K. Sharma, Su Xu, Qingsong Li and Lei Wang
Additional contact information
Wenchao Liao: School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China
Virender K. Sharma: Program for the Environment and Sustainability, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
Su Xu: School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China
Qingsong Li: School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China
Lei Wang: School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China

IJERPH, 2017, vol. 14, issue 12, 1-17

Abstract: Degradation of norfloxacin (NOR) was studied using a combination of microwave and UV irradiation methods (MW/UV process). Remarkable synergistic effect was found between MW and UV light. The removal rate with the MW/UV process was much faster than that with UV light irradiation only. Degradation of NOR followed second-order kinetics and ~72% of NOR could be removed in the first 5 min of MW/UV reaction. Influence of inorganic ions (cations (K + , Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , Cu 2+ ) and anions (Cl ? , SO 4 2? , NO 3 ? , CO 3 2? )), humic acid (HA) and surfactants (cation, anion, and non-ionic) on the degradation of NOR by the MW/UV process was investigated. Among the ions, Cu 2+ and NO 3 ? ions inhibited the degradation of NOR. The presence of HA and surfactants in water showed a slight inhibition on the NOR removal. Furthermore, the NOR degradation in the MW/UV process was primarily caused by the ·OH-photosensitization steps. Seven intermediates formed by the oxidation of NOR were identified and three reaction pathways were proposed. Removals of NOR in tap water (TW), synthetic wastewater (WW), river water (RW), and seawater (SW) were also studied, which demonstrated that the MW/UV process was an effective oxidation technology for degrading fluoroquinolone antibiotics in different water matrices.

Keywords: antibiotics; photolysis; oxidation; microwave; synergistic effect (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2017
References: View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations:

Downloads: (external link)
https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/14/12/1564/pdf (application/pdf)
https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/14/12/1564/ (text/html)

Related works:
This item may be available elsewhere in EconPapers: Search for items with the same title.

Export reference: BibTeX RIS (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan) HTML/Text

Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:14:y:2017:i:12:p:1564-:d:122867

Access Statistics for this article

IJERPH is currently edited by Ms. Jenna Liu

More articles in IJERPH from MDPI
Bibliographic data for series maintained by MDPI Indexing Manager ().