Paternal Risk Factors for Oral Clefts in Northern Africans, Southeast Asians, and Central Americans

Stephanie Ly, Madeleine L. Burg, Ugonna Ihenacho, Frederick Brindopke, Allyn Auslander, Kathleen S. Magee, Pedro A. Sanchez-Lara, Thi-Hai-Duc Nguyen, Viet Nguyen, Maria Irene Tangco, Angela Rose Hernandez, Melissa Giron, Fouzia J. Mahmoudi, Yves A. DeClerck, William P. Magee and Jane C. Figueiredo
Additional contact information
Stephanie Ly: Division of Plastic & Maxillofacial Surgery, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
Madeleine L. Burg: Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
Ugonna Ihenacho: Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
Frederick Brindopke: Division of Plastic & Maxillofacial Surgery, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
Allyn Auslander: Division of Plastic & Maxillofacial Surgery, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
Kathleen S. Magee: Operation Smile Inc., Virginia Beach, VA 23453 USA
Pedro A. Sanchez-Lara: Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
Thi-Hai-Duc Nguyen: Operation Smile Vietnam, Hanoi 100803, Vietnam
Viet Nguyen: Operation Smile Vietnam, Hanoi 100803, Vietnam
Maria Irene Tangco: Operation Smile Philippines, Makati City 1209, Philippines
Angela Rose Hernandez: Operation Smile Philippines, Makati City 1209, Philippines
Melissa Giron: Operación Sonrisa Honduras, Tegucigalpa 11101, Honduras
Fouzia J. Mahmoudi: Operation Smile Morocco, Casablanca 20 000, Morocco
Yves A. DeClerck: Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California and Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
William P. Magee: Division of Plastic & Maxillofacial Surgery, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
Jane C. Figueiredo: Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA

IJERPH, 2017, vol. 14, issue 6, 1-12

Abstract: While several studies have investigated maternal exposures as risk factors for oral clefts, few have examined paternal factors. We conducted an international multi-centered case–control study to better understand paternal risk exposures for oral clefts (cases = 392 and controls = 234). Participants were recruited from local hospitals and oral cleft repair surgical missions in Vietnam, the Philippines, Honduras, and Morocco. Questionnaires were administered to fathers and mothers separately to elicit risk factor and family history data. Associations between paternal exposures and risk of clefts were assessed using logistic regression adjusting for potential confounders. A father’s personal/family history of clefts was associated with significantly increased risk (adjusted OR: 4.77; 95% CI: 2.41–9.45). No other significant associations were identified for other suspected risk factors, including education (none/primary school v. university adjusted OR: 1.29; 95% CI: 0.74–2.24), advanced paternal age (5-year adjusted OR: 0.98; 95% CI: 0.84–1.16), or pre-pregnancy tobacco use (adjusted OR: 0.96; 95% CI: 0.67–1.37). Although sample size was limited, significantly decreased risks were observed for fathers with selected occupations. Further research is needed to investigate paternal environmental exposures as cleft risk factors.

Keywords: oral clefts; risk factors; paternal; family history; smoking (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2017
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