Effectiveness of a Malaria Surveillance Strategy Based on Active Case Detection during High Transmission Season in the Peruvian Amazon

Diamantina Moreno-Gutierrez, Alejandro Llanos-Cuentas, José Luis Barboza, Juan Contreras-Mancilla, Dionicia Gamboa, Hugo Rodriguez, Gabriel Carrasco-Escobar, Raphaël Boreux, Marie-Pierre Hayette, Philippe Beutels, Niko Speybroeck and Angel Rosas-Aguirre
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Diamantina Moreno-Gutierrez: Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana, Loreto 160, Peru
Alejandro Llanos-Cuentas: Instituto de Medicina Tropical “Alexander von Humboldt”, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 31, Peru
José Luis Barboza: Instituto de Medicina Tropical “Alexander von Humboldt”, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 31, Peru
Juan Contreras-Mancilla: Instituto de Medicina Tropical “Alexander von Humboldt”, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 31, Peru
Dionicia Gamboa: Instituto de Medicina Tropical “Alexander von Humboldt”, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 31, Peru
Hugo Rodriguez: Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana, Loreto 160, Peru
Gabriel Carrasco-Escobar: Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 31, Peru
Raphaël Boreux: Department of Clinical Microbiology, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University Hospital of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
Marie-Pierre Hayette: Department of Clinical Microbiology, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University Hospital of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
Philippe Beutels: Centre for Health Economics Research and Modelling Infectious Diseases, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
Niko Speybroeck: Research Institute of Health and Society (IRSS), Université catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
Angel Rosas-Aguirre: Research Institute of Health and Society (IRSS), Université catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium

IJERPH, 2018, vol. 15, issue 12, 1-20

Abstract: Background: Faced with the resurgence of malaria, malaria surveillance in the Peruvian Amazon incorporated consecutive active case detection (ACD) interventions using light microscopy (LM) as reactive measure in communities with an unusual high number of cases during high transmission season (HTS). We assessed the effectiveness in malaria detection of this local ACD-based strategy. Methods: A cohort study was conducted in June–July 2015 in Mazan, Loreto. Four consecutive ACD interventions at intervals of 10 days were conducted in four riverine communities (Gamitanacocha, Primero de Enero, Libertad and Urco Miraño). In each intervention, all inhabitants were visited at home, and finger-prick blood samples collected for immediate diagnosis by LM and on filter paper for later analysis by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Effectiveness was calculated by dividing the number of malaria infections detected using LM by the number of malaria infections detected by delayed qPCR. Results : Most community inhabitants (88.1%, 822/933) were present in at least one of the four ACD interventions. A total of 451 infections were detected by qPCR in 446 participants (54.3% of total participants); five individuals had two infections. Plasmodium vivax was the predominant species (79.8%), followed by P. falciparum (15.3%) and P. vivax - P. falciparum co-infections (4.9%). Most qPCR-positive infections were asymptomatic (255/448, 56.9%). The ACD-strategy using LM had an effectiveness of 22.8% (detection of 103 of the total qPCR-positive infections). Children aged 5–14 years, and farming as main economic activity were associated with P. vivax infections. Conclusions: Although the ACD-strategy using LM increased the opportunity of detecting and treating malaria infections during HTS, the number of detected infections was considerably lower than the real burden of infections (those detected by qPCR).

Keywords: malaria; diagnosis; asymptomatic; active case detection; Peru (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2018
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