A Stratified Meta-Analysis of the Association between Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke during Childhood and Adulthood and Urothelial Bladder Cancer Risk

Frits H. M. Van Osch, Sylvia H. J. Jochems, Anke Wesselius, Frederik J. Van Schooten, Richard T. Bryan and Maurice P. Zeegers
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Frits H. M. Van Osch: Department of Complex Genetics, Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (School NUTRIM), Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
Sylvia H. J. Jochems: Department of Complex Genetics, Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (School NUTRIM), Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
Anke Wesselius: Department of Complex Genetics, Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (School NUTRIM), Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
Frederik J. Van Schooten: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
Richard T. Bryan: Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
Maurice P. Zeegers: Department of Complex Genetics, Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (School NUTRIM), Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands

IJERPH, 2018, vol. 15, issue 4, 1-9

Abstract: Background : Active smoking is a major risk factor for urothelial bladder cancer (UBC). However, the evidence that exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) either in childhood or adult life is also associated with UBC risk is ambiguous. With this meta-analysis, we aim to summarise how exposure to ETS is associated with UBC risk. Methods : In total, 11 studies (3 cohort studies, 8 case-control studies) were included in this meta-analysis and summary odds ratios (SORs) for UBC risk were calculated for never smokers who were exposed to ETS during childhood at home, during adulthood at home, or during adulthood in a work environment compared to never smokers who were never exposed to ETS. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to test the robustness of findings. Results : Never smokers exposed to ETS during childhood (SOR = 1.04, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.82–1.26), during adulthood at work (SOR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.78–1.18) or at home (SOR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.83–1.15) were at a similar risk of UBC compared to never smokers who were never exposed to ETS. Results for males and females were similar. Also, when pooling all estimates during both childhood and adulthood, no effect was observed (SOR = 1.00, 95% CI = 0.89–1.10). Conclusions : Although measurement of exposure to ETS was imprecise, there does not seem to be an association between UBC risk and exposure to ETS during childhood or adulthood. However, the current body of evidence mostly overlooks the duration and intensity of exposure to ETS.

Keywords: exposure to environmental tobacco smoke; bladder cancer; meta-analysis; lifetime exposure (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2018
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