Use of a Survey to Assess the Environmental Exposure and Family Perception to Lead in Children (<6 Years) in Four Valley Cities, Northwestern China

Xuemeng Sun, Xiaoping Li, Dongying Liu, Tao Yang, Yanan Zhao, Ting Wu, Yue Cai, Yuwei Ai, Xu Zhang, Jiwen Wang, Rui Yang, Hongtao Yu and Howard W. Mielke
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Xuemeng Sun: Department of Environmental Science, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, China
Xiaoping Li: Department of Environmental Science, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, China
Dongying Liu: Department of Environmental Science, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, China
Tao Yang: Department of Environmental Science, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, China
Yanan Zhao: Department of Environmental Science, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, China
Ting Wu: Department of Environmental Science, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, China
Yue Cai: Department of Environmental Science, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, China
Yuwei Ai: Department of Environmental Science, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, China
Xu Zhang: Department of Environmental Science, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, China
Jiwen Wang: Department of Environmental Science, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, China
Rui Yang: Department of Environmental Science, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, China
Hongtao Yu: International Joint Research Centre of Shaanxi Province for Pollutant Exposure and Eco-Environmental Health, Xi’an 710062, China
Howard W. Mielke: Department of Pharmacology, Environmental Signaling Laboratory, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue SL-8683, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA

IJERPH, 2018, vol. 15, issue 4, 1-26

Abstract: With the growth of industry, the extensive use of lead, and urban expansion in Northwestern Valley Cities (NVC) China, there is probable reason for presuming an increasing risk of lead exposure. However, little is known about the lead exposure of children less than 6 years old in NVC. As a first investigation, this study uses a survey to systematically determine the influences of various risk factors within the family environment, parents’ background, children’s behavior, mother’s behavior during pregnancy, and parental perception about children’s blood lead (CBL). A total of 596 families were recruited from the general population in Urumqi, Lanzhou, Xining and Yan’an. Parents, and their children (<6 years old), were asked about the environment and behaviors which could possibly relate with lead exposure. The results indicated that in the typical NVC of China, children’s environment and behavior, parents’ education level, and mother’s pregnancy behavior, were associated with potential CBL. It was noted that not all parents in NVC China recognized the importance of children’s lead exposure. Therefore, children’s health care and medical screening campaigns need to be designed to improve family’s fundamental knowledge of lead hazards, associated health effects, and prevention in the NVC of China.

Keywords: lead exposures; children’s blood lead; valley cites; family; behaviors and habits; parent perception (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2018
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