NAFLD and Extra-Hepatic Comorbidities: Current Evidence on a Multi-Organ Metabolic Syndrome

Valerio Rosato, Mario Masarone, Marcello Dallio, Alessandro Federico, Andrea Aglitti and Marcello Persico
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Valerio Rosato: Internal Medicine and Hepatology Division, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84081 Salerno, Italy
Mario Masarone: Internal Medicine and Hepatology Division, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84081 Salerno, Italy
Marcello Dallio: Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80131 Naples, Italy
Alessandro Federico: Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80131 Naples, Italy
Andrea Aglitti: Internal Medicine and Hepatology Division, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84081 Salerno, Italy
Marcello Persico: Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80131 Naples, Italy

IJERPH, 2019, vol. 16, issue 18, 1-26

Abstract: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease worldwide and its incidence is definitely increasing. NAFLD is a metabolic disease with extensive multi-organ involvement, whose extra-hepatic manifestations include type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, obstructive sleep apnea, chronic kidney disease, osteoporosis, and polycystic ovarian syndrome. Recently, further evidence has given attention to pathological correlations not strictly related to metabolic disease, also incorporating in this broad spectrum of systemic involvement hypothyroidism, psoriasis, male sexual dysfunction, periodontitis, and urolithiasis. The most common cause of mortality in NAFLD is represented by cardiovascular disease, followed by liver-related complications. Therefore, clinicians should learn to screen and initiate treatment for these extra-hepatic manifestations, in order to provide appropriate multidisciplinary assessments and rigorous surveillance. This review evaluates the current evidence regarding extra-hepatic associations of NAFLD, focusing on the pathogenic hypothesis and the clinical implications.

Keywords: nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; metabolic syndrome; comorbidities; cardiovascular risk (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2019
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