Examining the Factor Structure of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in a Multi-Ethnic Working Population in Singapore

Gerard Dunleavy, Ram Bajpai, André Comiran Tonon, Ai Ping Chua, Kei Long Cheung, Chee-Kiong Soh, Georgios Christopoulos, Hein de Vries and Josip Car
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Gerard Dunleavy: Centre for Population Health Sciences, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore
Ram Bajpai: Centre for Population Health Sciences, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore
André Comiran Tonon: Laboratório de Cronobiologia e Sono, Porto Alegre Clínicas Hospital (HCPA), R. Ramiro Barcelos, 2350—Santa Cecilia, Porto Alegre 90035-007, RS, Brazil
Ai Ping Chua: Department of Medicine, Jurong Health Campus, National University Health System, 1 Jurong East Street 21, Singapore 609606, Singapore
Kei Long Cheung: Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge, Middlesex, London UB8 3PH, UK
Chee-Kiong Soh: School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
Georgios Christopoulos: Division of Leadership, Management and Organisation, Nanyang Business School, College of Business, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
Hein de Vries: Department of Health Promotion, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6022 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
Josip Car: Centre for Population Health Sciences, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore

IJERPH, 2019, vol. 16, issue 23, 1-12

Abstract: The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) is a widely used measure for assessing sleep impairment. Although it was developed as a unidimensional instrument, there is much debate that it contains multidimensional latent constructs. This study aims to investigate the dimensionality of the underlying factor structure of the PSQI in a multi-ethnic working population in Singapore. The PSQI was administered on three occasions (baseline, 3 months and 12 months) to full-time employees participating in a workplace cohort study. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) investigated the latent factor structure of the scale at each timepoint. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) evaluated the model identified by EFA, and additionally evaluated it against a single factor and a three-factor model. The EFA identified a two-factor model with similar internal consistency and goodness-of-fit across each timepoint. In the CFA, the two- and three-factor models were both superior to the unidimensional model. The two- and three-factor models of the PSQI were reliable, consistent and provided similar goodness-of-fit over time, and both models were superior to the unidimensional measure. We recommend using the two-factor model to assess sleep characteristics in working populations in Singapore, given that it performs as well as the three-factor model and is simpler compared to the latter.

Keywords: sleep quality; factor analysis; workplace health (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2019
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