Exploring Drug-Related Problems in Diabetic Patients during Ramadan Fasting in Saudi Arabia: A Mixed-Methods Study

Waleed Saleh Alluqmani, Mohammed Misri Alotaibi, Waleed Jamal Almalki, Abdulrahman Althaqafi, Hamed Abdullah Alawi, Fahad Althobiani, Amjad Abdullah Albishi, Amjad Ahmad Madkhali, Layal Yahia Baunes, Razan Ibrahim Alhazmi, Elaf Mohammed Doman, Anwar Hussain Alhazmi, Majid Ali and Ejaz Cheema
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Waleed Saleh Alluqmani: College of Pharmacy, Umm al-Qura University, Taif Road, Makkah 24381, Saudi Arabia
Mohammed Misri Alotaibi: College of Pharmacy, Umm al-Qura University, Taif Road, Makkah 24381, Saudi Arabia
Waleed Jamal Almalki: College of Pharmacy, Umm al-Qura University, Taif Road, Makkah 24381, Saudi Arabia
Abdulrahman Althaqafi: College of Pharmacy, Umm al-Qura University, Taif Road, Makkah 24381, Saudi Arabia
Hamed Abdullah Alawi: College of Pharmacy, Umm al-Qura University, Taif Road, Makkah 24381, Saudi Arabia
Fahad Althobiani: College of Pharmacy, Umm al-Qura University, Taif Road, Makkah 24381, Saudi Arabia
Amjad Abdullah Albishi: College of Pharmacy, Umm al-Qura University, Taif Road, Makkah 24381, Saudi Arabia
Amjad Ahmad Madkhali: College of Pharmacy, Umm al-Qura University, Taif Road, Makkah 24381, Saudi Arabia
Layal Yahia Baunes: College of Pharmacy, Umm al-Qura University, Taif Road, Makkah 24381, Saudi Arabia
Razan Ibrahim Alhazmi: College of Pharmacy, Umm al-Qura University, Taif Road, Makkah 24381, Saudi Arabia
Elaf Mohammed Doman: College of Pharmacy, Umm al-Qura University, Taif Road, Makkah 24381, Saudi Arabia
Anwar Hussain Alhazmi: College of Pharmacy, Umm al-Qura University, Taif Road, Makkah 24381, Saudi Arabia
Majid Ali: College of Pharmacy, Umm al-Qura University, Taif Road, Makkah 24381, Saudi Arabia
Ejaz Cheema: College of Pharmacy, Umm al-Qura University, Taif Road, Makkah 24381, Saudi Arabia

IJERPH, 2019, vol. 16, issue 3, 1-11

Abstract: This study aimed to identify any drug-related problems (DRPs) in diabetic patients during Ramadan fasting in Saudi Arabia. The study used a mixed-methods approach consisting of two phases and was conducted in Makkah, Saudi Arabia from December 2017 to March 2018. The first phase of the study involved qualitative semi-structured individual interviews with diabetic patients. A 13-item questionnaire was used in the second phase to further identify DRPs in the wider population. The data was mainly presented as frequencies and percentages. Inferential statistics was performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21 to compare relevant variables/questions using the chi-square test. Twenty patients (10 male, 10 female) attended face-to-face interviews during the first phase of the study while 95 (40 male, 55 female) completed the questionnaire in the second phase of the study. Two possible risk factors for DRPs were identified from the qualitative data: patient-related factors, including changes in their medicine intake during fasting, and healthcare professionals-related factors, including lack of advice from healthcare professionals regarding fasting. The quantitative results indicated that 52 (54%) of the 95 participants who observed fasting reported to have changed the way they were taking their medicines. Furthermore, 41% of the participants experienced general healthcare problems such as hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, fatigue, excessive sweating, and gastrointestinal disturbances. Healthcare professionals need to educate patients who are at risk of DRPs by providing structured education and counseling.

Keywords: medicines; diabetes; Ramadan; fasting (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2019
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