Daily and Seasonal Variation in Light Exposure among the Old Order Amish

Ellen E. Lee, Ameya Amritwar, L. Elliot Hong, Iqra Mohyuddin, Timothy Brown and Teodor T. Postolache
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Ellen E. Lee: Mood and Anxiety Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
Ameya Amritwar: Co-Occurring/Addiction Unit, Sheppard Pratt Hospital, Ellicott City, MD 21043, USA
L. Elliot Hong: Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland Baltimore, Catonsville, MD 21228, USA
Iqra Mohyuddin: Mood and Anxiety Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
Timothy Brown: Centre for Biological Timing, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
Teodor T. Postolache: Mood and Anxiety Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA

IJERPH, 2020, vol. 17, issue 12, 1-16

Abstract: Exposure to artificial bright light in the late evening and early night, common in modern society, triggers phase delay of circadian rhythms, contributing to delayed sleep phase syndrome and seasonal affective disorder. Studying a unique population like the Old Order Amish (OOA), whose lifestyles resemble pre-industrial societies, may increase understanding of light’s relationship with health. Thirty-three participants (aged 25–74, mean age 53.5; without physical or psychiatric illnesses) from an OOA community in Lancaster, PA, were assessed with wrist-worn actimeters/light loggers for at least 2 consecutive days during winter/spring (15 January–16 April) and spring/summer (14 May–10 September). Daily activity, sleep–wake cycles, and their relationship with light exposure were analyzed. Overall activity levels and light exposure increased with longer photoperiod length. While seasonal variations in the amount and spectral content of light exposure were equivalent to those reported previously for non-Amish groups, the OOA experienced a substantially (~10-fold) higher amplitude of diurnal variation in light exposure (darker nights and brighter days) throughout the year than reported for the general population. This pattern may be contributing to lower rates of SAD, short sleep, delayed sleep phase, eveningness, and metabolic dysregulation, previously reported among the OOA population.

Keywords: seasonal affective disorder; Amish; photoperiod; circadian; diurnal; sleep–wake cycles; actigraphy; melanopic illuminance; photopic illuminance (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2020
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