Upper and Lower Limb Strength and Body Posture in Children with Congenital Hypothyroidism: An Observational Case-Control Study

Jessica Brusa, Maria Cristina Maggio, Valerio Giustino, Ewan Thomas, Daniele Zangla, Angelo Iovane, Antonio Palma, Giovanni Corsello, Giuseppe Messina and Marianna Bellafiore
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Jessica Brusa: Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, 90144 Palermo, Italy
Maria Cristina Maggio: Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infantile Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialities “G. D’Alessandro”, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
Valerio Giustino: Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, 90144 Palermo, Italy
Ewan Thomas: Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, 90144 Palermo, Italy
Daniele Zangla: Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, 90144 Palermo, Italy
Angelo Iovane: Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, 90144 Palermo, Italy
Antonio Palma: Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, 90144 Palermo, Italy
Giovanni Corsello: Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infantile Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialities “G. D’Alessandro”, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
Giuseppe Messina: Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, 90144 Palermo, Italy
Marianna Bellafiore: Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, 90144 Palermo, Italy

IJERPH, 2020, vol. 17, issue 13, 1-10

Abstract: Background: Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is an endocrine disease with a precocious significant impairment of growth and neuromotor development. Thyroid hormones are essential for central nervous system development, maturation, and myelination. Furthermore, thyroid hormone deficiency affects the function of several systems, including the musculoskeletal system. The disease has a significant incidence in the general population (1:3000–1:2000 newborns in Italy). The aim of the present study was to evaluate any differences in upper and lower limb strength, body sway, and plantar loading distribution in children with CH compared to healthy children. Methods: In this study, the case group was composed of children with CH (CHG), while the control group included healthy children (CG). Both groups comprised 19 children (CHG: female = 12; CG: female = 9). The maximum isometric handgrip strength and explosive-elastic lower limb strength were assessed with the handgrip test and the Sargent test, respectively. The stabilometric and baropodometric analyses were used to measure the Center of Pressure displacements and the plantar loading distribution between feet, respectively. The differences between groups were analyzed by a univariate analysis of covariance using as covariates weight and height with the significant level set at < 0.05. Results: We found that CHG children were shorter and thinner than CG ones ( p < 0.05). No significant difference in the upper and lower limb strength was found between groups. CHG exhibited a significant greater Sway Path Length ( p < 0.01) and Ellipse Surface ( p < 0.05) than CG. Moreover, CHG displayed an asymmetric plantar loading distribution with a significant lower percentage in the right than in the left foot ( p < 0.05). Moreover, a significant lower plantar loading percentage in the right foot of CHG than in the right foot of CG was observed ( p < 0.05). Conclusions: These findings seem to suggest that CH does not affect muscle strength in early treated children. However, these patients show poor postural control ability and asymmetric plantar loading distribution. Increasing the physical activity in these children could improve their body posture.

Keywords: congenital hypothyroidism; muscle strength; handgrip test; Sargent test; body sway; plantar pressure; posture (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2020
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