Antibiotic Resistance of Legionella pneumophila in Clinical and Water Isolates—A Systematic Review

Olga Pappa, Dimosthenis Chochlakis, Vassilios Sandalakis, Chrysa Dioli, Anna Psaroulaki and Athena Mavridou
Additional contact information
Olga Pappa: Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, 12243 Egaleo, Greece
Dimosthenis Chochlakis: Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71500 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
Vassilios Sandalakis: Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71500 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
Chrysa Dioli: Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, 12243 Egaleo, Greece
Anna Psaroulaki: Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71500 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
Athena Mavridou: Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, 12243 Egaleo, Greece

IJERPH, 2020, vol. 17, issue 16, 1-18

Abstract: The current systematic review investigates the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Legionella pneumophila isolates from the 1980s to the present day, deriving data from clinical and/or water samples from studies carried out all over the world. Eighty-nine papers meeting the inclusion criteria, i.e., “ Legionella pneumophila ” and “resistance to antibiotics”, were evaluated according to pre-defined validity criteria. Sixty articles referred to clinical isolates, and 18 articles reported water-related L. pneumophila isolates, while 11 articles included both clinical and water isolates. Several methods have been proposed as suitable for the determination of MICs, such as the E-test, broth and agar dilution, and disk diffusion methods, in vivo and in vitro, using various media. The E-test method proposed by the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (EUCAST) seems to be the second most frequently used method overall, but it is the preferred method in the most recent publications (2000–2019) for the interpretation criteria. Erythromycin has been proved to be the preference for resistance testing over the years. However, in the last 19 years, the antibiotics ciprofloxacin (CIP), erythromycin (ERM), levofloxacin (LEV) and azithromycin (AZM) were the ones that saw an increase in their use. A decrease in the sensitivity to antibiotics was identified in approximately half of the reviewed articles.

Keywords: Legionella pneumophila; antibiotic resistance; water sample; clinical sample; antibiotics (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2020
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations:

Downloads: (external link)
https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/16/5809/pdf (application/pdf)
https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/16/5809/ (text/html)

Related works:
This item may be available elsewhere in EconPapers: Search for items with the same title.

Export reference: BibTeX RIS (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan) HTML/Text

Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:16:p:5809-:d:397489

Access Statistics for this article

IJERPH is currently edited by Ms. Jenna Liu

More articles in IJERPH from MDPI
Bibliographic data for series maintained by MDPI Indexing Manager ().