Education, Smoking and CRP Genetics in Relation to C-Reactive Protein Concentrations in Black South Africans

Pieter Hermanus Myburgh, Cornelie Nienaber-Rousseau, Iolanthé Marike Kruger and Gordon Wayne Towers
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Pieter Hermanus Myburgh: Institute for Intelligent Systems, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa
Cornelie Nienaber-Rousseau: Centre of Excellence for Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
Iolanthé Marike Kruger: Africa Unit for Transdisciplinary Health Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
Gordon Wayne Towers: Africa Unit for Transdisciplinary Health Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa

IJERPH, 2020, vol. 17, issue 18, 1-12

Abstract: Because elevated circulating C-reactive protein (CRP) and low socio-economic status (SES), have both been implicated in cardiovascular disease development, we investigated whether SES factors associate with and interact with CRP polymorphisms in relation to the phenotype. Included in the study were 1569 black South Africans for whom CRP concentrations, 12 CRP single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), cardiovascular health markers, and SES factors were known. None of the investigated SES aspects was found to associate with CRP concentrations when measured individually; however, in adjusted analyses, attaining twelve or more years of formal education resulted in a hypothetically predicted 18.9% lower CRP concentration. We also present the first evidence that active smokers with a C-allele at rs3093068 are at an increased risk of presenting with elevated CRP concentrations. Apart from education level, most SES factors on their own are not associated with the elevated CRP phenotype observed in black South Africans. However, these factors may collectively with other environmental, genetic, and behavioral aspects such as smoking, contribute to the elevated inflammation levels observed in this population. The gene-smoking status interaction in relation to inflammation observed here is of interest and if replicated could be used in at-risk individuals to serve as an additional motivation to quit.

Keywords: CVD; inflammation; schooling; SES; smoking; socio-economic status (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2020
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