Periodontal Conditions and Whole Salivary IL-17A and -23 Levels among Young Adult Cannabis sativa (Marijuana)-Smokers, Heavy Cigarette-Smokers and Non-Smokers

Fawad Javed, Abeer S. Al-Zawawi, Khaled S. Allemailem, Ahmad Almatroudi, Abid Mehmood, Darshan Devang Divakar and Abdulaziz A. Al-Kheraif
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Fawad Javed: Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14620, USA
Abeer S. Al-Zawawi: Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 60169, Saudi Arabia
Khaled S. Allemailem: Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
Ahmad Almatroudi: Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
Abid Mehmood: Department of Dentistry, Postgraduate Medical Center, Karachi 75500, Pakistan
Darshan Devang Divakar: Dental Biomaterials Research Chair, Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
Abdulaziz A. Al-Kheraif: Dental Biomaterials Research Chair, Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia

IJERPH, 2020, vol. 17, issue 20, 1-10

Abstract: In the United States, prevalence of marijuana-use has doubled in the past 2 decades. The aim was to compare the periodontal conditions and whole-salivary IL-17A and IL-23 levels among young adult marijuana-smokers, heavy cigarette-smokers and non-smokers. Self-reported marijuana-smokers, heavy-cigarette-smokers, non-smokers with periodontitis and periodontally-healthy non-smokers were included. Demographic data was recorded and full-mouth plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BoP), probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment loss (AL), marginal bone loss (MBL) and missing teeth were recorded. Levels of IL-17A and IL-23 levels were measured in the whole saliva. p < 0.01 was considered statistically significant. Fifteen-marijuana-smokers, 15 heavy-cigarette-smokers, 16 non-smokers-with-periodontitis and 15 periodontally-healthy-non-smokers) were included. The clinicoradiographic parameters were worse among marijuana-smokers ( p < 0.01), cigarette-smokers ( p < 0.01) and non-smokers-with-periodontitis ( p < 0.01) than periodontally-healthy-non-smokers. Marijuana- and cigarette-smokers had Stage-IV/Grade C and non-smokers with periodontitis had Stage-III/Grade-C. Salivary IL-17A and IL-23 levels were higher in marijuana-smokers than cigarette-smokers ( p < 0.01) and non-smokers-with-periodontitis ( p < 0.01). Whole salivary IL-17A and IL-23 levels were higher among cigarette-smokers than non-smokers with periodontitis ( p < 0.01) and periodontally-healthy-individuals ( p < 0.01). Marijuana- and heavy cigarette-smokers have comparable clinicoradiographic periodontal statuses. This rejects hypothesis-1. However, whole salivary immunoinflammatory response may be moderately worse in marijuana-smokers compared with heavy cigarette-smokers and non-smoker with periodontitis thereby supporting hypothesis-2.

Keywords: alveolar bone loss; Cannabis sativa; cigarette smoking; marijuana; probing depth; whole saliva (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2020
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (2)

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