Gender Differences in Subjective Pain Perception during and after Tattooing

Joanna Witkoś and Magdalena Hartman-Petrycka
Additional contact information
Joanna Witkoś: Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, G. Herlinga-Grudzińskiego Street 1, 30-705 Kraków, Poland
Magdalena Hartman-Petrycka: Department of Basic Biomedical Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Kasztanowa Street 3, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland

IJERPH, 2020, vol. 17, issue 24, 1-14

Abstract: Background: The aim of the research was to analyse the impact of gender on pain perception during and directly after tattooing, with the following predictors as covariates: the body area chosen for a tattoo, the character of the pain, the time it takes to complete the tattoo, bleeding, the level of stress, analgesics taken before the tattooing procedure, and the cycle phase. Methods: A total of 1092 participants took part in this study (F: 863, M: 229). A proprietary survey was used in the research, including patient characteristics and questions relating to the above-mentioned variables. Multiple regression analyses were used for continuous outcomes and multiple logistic regression analyses for binary outcomes. Results: Factors increasing pain during tattooing include: time B: 0.35; 95% CIs: 0.27–0.43; p = 0.001; bleeding B: 0.36; 95% CIs: 0.00–0.72; p = 0.052; level of stress B: 0.45; 95% CIs: 0.31–0.60; p = 0.001; pain medications taken before tattooing B: 1.42; 95% CIs: 0.60–2.23; p = 0.001. Factors increasing pain after tattooing include: time B: 0.21; 95% CIs: 0.15–0.27; p = 0.001; bleeding B: 0.47; 95% CIs: 0.20–0.72; p = 0.001; level of stress B: 0.15; 95% CIs: 0.04–0.26; p = 0.001. Conclusions: There was no difference between females and males in pain intensity during tattooing. Directly after the procedure, however, pain intensity was higher in women when compared to men. The most important factors increasing pain were time, bleeding, and the level of stress.

Keywords: gender differences; pain; tattoo; time of tattooing; bleeding; level of stress (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2020
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations:

Downloads: (external link)
https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/24/9466/pdf (application/pdf)
https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/24/9466/ (text/html)

Related works:
This item may be available elsewhere in EconPapers: Search for items with the same title.

Export reference: BibTeX RIS (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan) HTML/Text

Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:24:p:9466-:d:463849

Access Statistics for this article

IJERPH is currently edited by Ms. Jenna Liu

More articles in IJERPH from MDPI
Bibliographic data for series maintained by MDPI Indexing Manager ().