Intervention Fatigue is the Primary Cause of Strong Secondary Waves in the COVID-19 Pandemic

Kristoffer Rypdal, Filippo Maria Bianchi and Martin Rypdal
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Kristoffer Rypdal: Department of Mathematics and Statistics, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Tromsø, Norway
Filippo Maria Bianchi: Department of Mathematics and Statistics, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Tromsø, Norway
Martin Rypdal: Department of Mathematics and Statistics, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Tromsø, Norway

IJERPH, 2020, vol. 17, issue 24, 1-17

Abstract: As of November 2020, the number of COVID-19 cases was increasing rapidly in many countries. In Europe, the virus spread slowed considerably in the late spring due to strict lockdown, but a second wave of the pandemic grew throughout the fall. In this study, we first reconstruct the time evolution of the effective reproduction numbers R ( t ) for each country by integrating the equations of the classic Susceptible-Infectious-Recovered (SIR) model. We cluster countries based on the estimated R ( t ) through a suitable time series dissimilarity. The clustering result suggests that simple dynamical mechanisms determine how countries respond to changes in COVID-19 case counts. Inspired by these results, we extend the simple SIR model for disease spread to include a social response to explain the number X ( t ) of new confirmed daily cases. In particular, we characterize the social response with a first-order model that depends on three parameters ν 1 , ν 2 , ν 3 . The parameter ν 1 describes the effect of relaxed intervention when the incidence rate is low; ν 2 models the impact of interventions when incidence rate is high; ν 3 represents the fatigue, i.e., the weakening of interventions as time passes. The proposed model reproduces typical evolving patterns of COVID-19 epidemic waves observed in many countries. Estimating the parameters ν 1 , ν 2 , ν 3 and initial conditions, such as R 0 , for different countries helps to identify important dynamics in their social responses. One conclusion is that the leading cause of the strong second wave in Europe in the fall of 2020 was not the relaxation of interventions during the summer, but rather the failure to enforce interventions in the fall.

Keywords: COVID-19; epidemic curve; second wave; intervention fatigue; reproduction number; SIR model; social response model (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2020
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (6)

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