Long-Term Trends in Urban Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Nitropolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: China, Russia, and Korea from 1999 to 2014

Kazuichi Hayakawa, Ning Tang, Edward Nagato, Akira Toriba, Jin-Min Lin, Lixia Zhao, Zhijun Zhou, Wu Qing, Xiaoyang Yang, Vassily Mishukov, Andrey Neroda and Hae-Young Chung
Additional contact information
Kazuichi Hayakawa: Low-Level Radioactivity Research Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, O-24 Wake-machi, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1224, Japan
Ning Tang: Low-Level Radioactivity Research Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, O-24 Wake-machi, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1224, Japan
Edward Nagato: Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, 1060 Nishitsugawa-machi, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
Akira Toriba: Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
Jin-Min Lin: Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
Lixia Zhao: Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Science, 18 Shuangging Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China
Zhijun Zhou: School of Public Health, Fudan University, No. 130 Dong Road, Shanghai 200032, China
Wu Qing: School of Public Health, Fudan University, No. 130 Dong Road, Shanghai 200032, China
Xiaoyang Yang: Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, No. 8 Anwai Beiyuan Dayangfang, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100012, China
Vassily Mishukov: V.I.II’ichiv Pacific Oceanological Institute, Far-Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Science, 43 Baltiyskaya Street, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
Andrey Neroda: V.I.II’ichiv Pacific Oceanological Institute, Far-Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Science, 43 Baltiyskaya Street, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
Hae-Young Chung: College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Gumijung-ku, Pusan 609-753, Korea

IJERPH, 2020, vol. 17, issue 2, 1-12

Abstract: Total suspended particulate matter (TSP) was collected during the summer and winter in five cities in China (Shenyang, Beijing, and Shanghai), Russia (Vladivostok), and Korea (Busan) from 1997 to 2014. Nine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with four to six rings, including pyrene (Pyr) and benzo[ a ]pyrene (BaP), were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Two nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs), 1-nitropyrene (1-NP) and 6-nitrobenzo[ a ]pyrene (6-NBaP), were also determined using high-performance liquid chromatography with online reduction/chemiluminescence detection. Two Chinese cities, Beijing and Shenyang, showed very high concentrations of total PAHs (ΣPAH) and total NPAHs (ΣNPAH) with a large seasonal difference (winter > summer), although the concentrations decreased over time. In both cities, maximum mean concentrations of ΣPAH over 200 ng m −3 were observed in the winter. In Beijing, an increase in the ΣPAH concentration was observed in the winter of 2010, which was after the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. The [1-NP]/[Pyr] ratio, a diagnostic parameter for source, was smaller in the winter than in the summer over the monitoring period, suggesting a large contribution of coal heating systems in the winter. In Vladivostok, concentrations of ΣPAH and ΣNPAH were lower than in the above two Chinese cities. The [1-NP]/[Pyr] ratio was larger than in the above Chinese cities even in the winter, suggesting that the contribution of coal combustion facilities, such as power plants for heating, was not very large. In Shanghai and Busan, concentrations of ΣPAH and ΣNPAH were much lower than in the above three cities. At the beginning of the monitoring periods, the [1-NP]/[Pyr] ratios, which were as large as those of Japanese commercial cities, suggested a large contribution from automobiles. After that, the contribution of automobiles decreased gradually. However, BaP concentrations were still over 1 ng m −3 in all cities monitored in China, Russia, and Korea, suggesting that the urban air pollution of PAHs and NPAHs in these regions should not be ignored.

Keywords: Far Eastern Asia; urban air; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2020
References: View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations:

Downloads: (external link)
https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/2/431/pdf (application/pdf)
https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/2/431/ (text/html)

Related works:
This item may be available elsewhere in EconPapers: Search for items with the same title.

Export reference: BibTeX RIS (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan) HTML/Text

Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:2:p:431-:d:306624

Access Statistics for this article

IJERPH is currently edited by Ms. Jenna Liu

More articles in IJERPH from MDPI
Bibliographic data for series maintained by MDPI Indexing Manager ().