Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: A Review of Conventional and Advanced Therapeutic Strategies

Mauricio A. Medina, Goldie Oza, Ashutosh Sharma, L.G. Arriaga, José Manuel Hernández Hernández, Vincent M. Rotello and Jose Tapia Ramirez
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Mauricio A. Medina: Department of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CINVESTAV, Zacatenco, Avenida Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
Goldie Oza: Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Electroquímica (CIDETEQ), Parque Tecnológico Querétaro s/n, Sanfandila. Pedro Escobedo, Querétaro 76703, Mexico
Ashutosh Sharma: Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Queretaro, Av. Epigmenio González No. 500, Fracc. San Pablo, Queretaro 76130, Mexico
L.G. Arriaga: Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Electroquímica (CIDETEQ), Parque Tecnológico Querétaro s/n, Sanfandila. Pedro Escobedo, Querétaro 76703, Mexico
José Manuel Hernández Hernández: Department of Cell Biology, CINVESTAV, Zacatenco, Avenida Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
Vincent M. Rotello: Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
Jose Tapia Ramirez: Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, CINVESTAV, Zacatenco, Avenida Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Mexico City 07360, Mexico

IJERPH, 2020, vol. 17, issue 6, 1-32

Abstract: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells are deficient in estrogen, progesterone and ERBB2 receptor expression, presenting a particularly challenging therapeutic target due to their highly invasive nature and relatively low response to therapeutics. There is an absence of specific treatment strategies for this tumor subgroup, and hence TNBC is managed with conventional therapeutics, often leading to systemic relapse. In terms of histology and transcription profile these cancers have similarities to BRCA-1-linked breast cancers, and it is hypothesized that BRCA1 pathway is non-functional in this type of breast cancer. In this review article, we discuss the different receptors expressed by TNBC as well as the diversity of different signaling pathways targeted by TNBC therapeutics, for example, Notch, Hedgehog, Wnt/b-Catenin as well as TGF-beta signaling pathways. Additionally, many epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors effectively inhibit the TNBCs, but they face challenges of either resistance to drugs or relapse. The resistance of TNBC to conventional therapeutic agents has helped in the advancement of advanced TNBC therapeutic approaches including hyperthermia, photodynamic therapy, as well as nanomedicine-based targeted therapeutics of drugs, miRNA, siRNA, and aptamers, which will also be discussed. Artificial intelligence is another tool that is presented to enhance the diagnosis of TNBC.

Keywords: nanomedicine; triple negative breast cancer; artificial intelligence; theranostics; immunotherapy (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2020
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