Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphisms and Cigarette Smoking Impact on Oral Health: A Case-Control Study

Aleksandra Suchanecka, Krzysztof Chmielowiec, Jolanta Chmielowiec, Grzegorz Trybek, Jolanta Masiak, Monika Michałowska-Sawczyn, Renata Nowicka, Katarzyna Grocholewicz and Anna Grzywacz
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Aleksandra Suchanecka: Independent Laboratory of Health Promotion, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 11 Chlapowskiego St., 70-204 Szczecin, Poland
Krzysztof Chmielowiec: Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona Góra, 28 Zyty St., 65-046 Zielona Góra, Poland
Jolanta Chmielowiec: Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona Góra, 28 Zyty St., 65-046 Zielona Góra, Poland
Grzegorz Trybek: Department of Oral Surgery, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 72 Powstanców Wlkp. St., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
Jolanta Masiak: Neurophysiological Independent Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
Monika Michałowska-Sawczyn: Faculty of Physical Culture, Gdańsk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-853 Gdańsk, Poland
Renata Nowicka: 109 Military Hospital with Cutpatient Cinic in Szczecin, 70-965 Szczecin, Poland
Katarzyna Grocholewicz: Department of Interdisciplinary Dentistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Al. Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
Anna Grzywacz: Independent Laboratory of Health Promotion, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 11 Chlapowskiego St., 70-204 Szczecin, Poland

IJERPH, 2020, vol. 17, issue 9, 1-11

Abstract: Periodontal diseases are multiperspective problems resulting from numerous and diverse exposures that influence the process of initiation or progression of disease. The negative influence of tobacco smoking on oral health is well documented. The aim of the study was to analyze three SNPs in vitamin D receptor gene—rs7975232 ( ApaI ), rs2228570 ( FokI ) and rs1544410 ( BsmI )—combined with oral health assessment—pH, gingival index, dry mouth, periodontitis, dry socket, redness of oral cavity mucosa, leukoplakia—in a group of cigarette smokers and in non-smokers. Moreover, the possibility of interactions between these polymorphisms and smoking was examined. When comparing the smokers and non-smokers groups, we noticed that rs1544410 heterozygotes were significantly more frequent in the first group, and for the second, both homozygotes were more frequent. Additionally, we observed the impact of interaction between the rs7975232 genotype and smoking status on gingival index. Current smoking was also associated with all analyzed oral health measures except for leucoplakia. Correlation between pH and age in both smokers and non-smokers was also present. Results of our analysis indicate that in our study group lifestyle and aging were leading factors associated with worse oral health status. However, the impact of genetic variants, and also the impact of their interaction with smoking on analyzed parameters was also visible. These results show great possibilities for all levels of prevention of oral diseases by means of education based on evidence-based medicine, but also for incorporating genetic testing and early interventions into this process for predisposed individuals.

Keywords: vitamin D receptor gene; gingival index; oral health; polymorphism (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2020
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