Membrane Distillation for the Production of Pharmaceutical-Grade Water—Investigation into the Application of AGMD and VMD

Cornelius Nellessen, Thomas Klein, Hans-Jürgen Rapp and Frank Rögener
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Cornelius Nellessen: Wilhelm Werner GmbH, 51381 Leverkusen, Germany
Thomas Klein: Wilhelm Werner GmbH, 51381 Leverkusen, Germany
Hans-Jürgen Rapp: Deukum GmbH, 72636 Frickenhausen, Germany
Frank Rögener: Institute of Chemical Process Engineering and Plant Design, Technische Hochschule Köln, 50679 Köln, Germany

IJERPH, 2021, vol. 18, issue 11, 1-18

Abstract: The production of pharmaceutical ingredients, intermediates and final products strongly depends on the utilization of water. Water is also required for the purification and preparation of reagents. Each specific application determines the respective water quality. In the European Union, the European Pharmacopeia (Ph. Eur.) contains the official standards that assure quality control of pharmaceutical products during their life cycle. According to this, the production of water for pharmaceutical use is mainly based on multi-stage distillation and membrane processes, especially, reverse osmosis. Membrane distillation (MD) could be an alternative process to these classical methods. It offers advantages in terms of energy demand and a compact apparatus design. In the following study, the preparation of pharmaceutical-grade water from tap water in a one-step process using MD is presented. Special emphasis is placed on the performance of two different module designs and on the selection of optimum process parameters.

Keywords: membrane distillation; pharmaceutical-grade water; pure water; AGMD; VMD (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2021
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